Final Examination Formula Sheet

Constants:

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.80 m/s2

Gravitational constant = 6.67× 10−11 N·m2/kg2

Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K

Gas constant R = 8.31 J/mol·K

Atmospheric pressure, 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa

Calories: 1 cal = 4.186 J

Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.670 × 10−8 W·m– 2·K– 4

Speed of sound in air at room temperature = 340 m/s

Astonomical Data:

Body Mass (kg) Radius (m) Radius of its orbital motion (m)
(center-to-center)
Sun 1.99 × 1030 6.96 × 108 ---
Earth 5.97 × 1024 6.37 × 106 1.50 × 1011
Moon 7.35 × 1022 1.74 × 106 3.84 × 108

Formulae:

Constant acceleration motions:

Straight-Line Motion with Constant Linear Fixed-Axis Rotation with Constant Angular
Acceleration: Acceleration:
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = constant 𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 = constant
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝜔𝜔𝑧𝑧 = 𝜔𝜔0𝑧𝑧 + 𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡
1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0 + 𝜔𝜔0𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡 2
2 2
2 2
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥2 = 𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 ) 𝜔𝜔𝑧𝑧2 = 𝜔𝜔0𝑧𝑧 + 2𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 (𝜃𝜃 − 𝜃𝜃0 )
1 1
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = (𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 )𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜃𝜃0 = (𝜔𝜔0𝑧𝑧 + 𝜔𝜔𝑧𝑧 )𝑡𝑡
2 2

�⃗1 +𝑚𝑚2 𝒓𝒓
𝑚𝑚1 𝒓𝒓 �⃗2 +⋯ ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝒓𝒓
�⃗𝑖𝑖
Center of Gravity: �⃗
𝒓𝒓cm = 𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚𝑚2 +⋯
= ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖
,

∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖

𝑥𝑥cm = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖
, 𝑦𝑦cm = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖
, 𝑧𝑧cm = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖
Rotational speed 𝑣𝑣 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Tangential acceleration in rotation 𝑎𝑎tan = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝑣𝑣 2
Radial acceleration in rotation 𝑎𝑎rad = = 𝜔𝜔2 𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
Moment of inertia 𝐼𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖2 ⟶ ∫ 𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
2

Parallel axis theorem 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼𝐼cm + 𝑀𝑀𝑑𝑑2

Moments of inertia of various bodies

Kepler’s third law: 𝑇𝑇 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎3⁄2 /�𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆

Simple harmonic motion: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)

𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥
2 tan−1 �− �, if 𝑥𝑥0 > 0
𝑣𝑣0𝑥𝑥 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥0
where 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑥𝑥02 + 𝜔𝜔2
and 𝜙𝜙 = � 𝑣𝑣
tan−1 �− 0𝑥𝑥 � + 𝜋𝜋, if 𝑥𝑥0 < 0
𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥0

Simple harmonic oscillator: ω = �𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 (block-spring)

ω = �𝑔𝑔/𝐿𝐿 (simple pendulum)

ω = �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐼𝐼 (physical pendulum)

𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏 2
Damped harmonic oscillator: 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −�2𝑚𝑚�𝑡𝑡 cos(𝜔𝜔′ 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙), 𝜔𝜔′ = �𝑚𝑚 − 4𝑚𝑚2
 𝐹𝐹max
Forced harmonic oscillations: 𝐴𝐴 =
2
2 � +𝑏𝑏 2 𝜔𝜔2
��𝑘𝑘−𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑

𝜕𝜕2 𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕𝜕2 𝑦𝑦
Wave equation: =
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝑣𝑣 2 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 2

Power propagation in wave motion: 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) = �𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜔𝜔2 𝐴𝐴2 sin2 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)

𝐹𝐹
Wave speed on a string: 𝑣𝑣 = �𝜇𝜇

𝑣𝑣+𝑣𝑣
Doppler effect: 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿 = �𝑣𝑣+𝑣𝑣𝐿𝐿 � 𝑓𝑓𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆

Fahrenheit scale: TF = (9/5) TC + 32

∆𝐿𝐿 ∆𝑉𝑉
Linear expansion: 𝐿𝐿 = 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 Volume expansion: 𝑉𝑉0
= 𝛽𝛽∆𝑇𝑇
0

𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 −𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Rate of heat flow by conduction: 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 → continuum limit: 𝐻𝐻 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿

Stefan-Boltzmann Law: 𝐻𝐻 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 4

3
𝑚𝑚 2 ⁄2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: 𝑓𝑓(𝑣𝑣) = 4𝜋𝜋 �2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋�2 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 ,

8𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣av = � , 𝑣𝑣rms = �
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚

Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas:

1
𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉 𝛾𝛾 = constant, 𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑉 𝛾𝛾−1 = constant, work done 𝑊𝑊 = 𝛾𝛾−1 (𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉1 − 𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉2 )