Symmergent Gravity Black Holes

with Observational Constraints

Durmuş Ali Demir

Beyazıt YEAF Çalıştayı

İstanbul Üniversitesi – 03 Haziran 2023
 GRAVITY: NEWTON’S VIEW

 A body of mass 𝑀 creates the gravitational potential:

𝐺𝑀
z 𝑑𝑠 𝑉 𝑟 =−
𝑟
𝑟
𝜃
 Spacetime is flat:
𝑀 y
2 2 2
𝑑𝑠 = − 𝑐𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟2 𝑑 𝜃 2
+ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2

x
𝜙
 Gravity is a force like electricity.

 Newtonian gravity is not able to account for the

perihelion advancement in Mercury’s orbit.
 GRAVITY: EINSTEIN’S VIEW

 Escape speed from a body of mass 𝑀:

2
𝑣𝑒𝑠 2𝐺𝑀 𝑟𝑠 2𝐺𝑀 o 𝑟𝑠 Sun = 3 km
z = ≡ ⟹ 𝑟𝑠 =
𝑑𝑠 𝑐2 𝑐 2𝑟 𝑟 𝑐2
𝑟 o 𝑟𝑠 Jupiter = 3 m
𝜃
o 𝑟𝑠 Earth = 10 mm
𝑀 y
 Spacetime is curved:

x
2 𝑟𝑠2 2 𝑑𝑟 2
𝜙 𝑑𝑠 =− 1− 𝑐𝑑𝑡 + 𝑟2
+ 𝑟2 𝑑 𝜃 2 + sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟2 1− 𝑠2
𝑟

 Gravity is curving of spacetime.

 Einstein’s approach is able to account for

perihelion advancement in Mercury’s orbit.
 EINSTEIN’S GRAVITY

gravity theory solution of Einstein equations

Einstein gravity action: Schwarzschild solution (zero vacuum energy 𝑉0 = 0) :

𝑅 𝑑𝑟 2
‫ 𝑑 ׬‬Vol
𝑀4 16𝜋𝐺𝑁
− 𝑉0 𝑑𝑠 2
=− 1−
𝑟𝑠
𝑐𝑑𝑡 2
+ 𝑟 + 𝑟2 𝑑 𝜃 2
+ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟 1− 𝑠
𝑟

(K. Schwarzschild, 1916 arXiv:physics/9905030)

 true measure of curving is the Riemann curvature:

2
12 𝑟𝑠2
Riemann curvature
𝑟 = 6
𝑠 𝑟
 BLACK HOLE

 if the body 𝑀 is too

massive to require an
escape speed bigger (𝑟 = 𝑟𝑝ℎ )
than speed of light:

𝑣𝑒𝑠 > 𝑐 or 𝑟 < 𝑟𝑠

a black hole forms.

(𝑟 = 𝑟𝑠 )

𝑟𝑠

(nasa.gov)
 PHOTON MOTION AROUND BLACK HOLE

2 𝑑𝑠 2
 Photon: 𝑑𝑠 =0⟹ =0
𝑑𝜏

𝜋 𝑟𝑠 𝑟ሶ 2
 Azimuthal plane (𝜃 = ): − 1− 2 ሶ2
𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝜙ሶ 2 = 0
2 𝑟 1− 𝑠 energy barrier
𝑟

𝐸 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟)
 Energy is conserved: 𝑡ሶ = 𝑟
1− 𝑠
𝑟

ℓ
 Ang. Mom. is conserved: 𝜙ሶ =
𝑟2

𝑟ሶ 2 ℓ2 𝑟𝑠 𝐸
 Photon is a unit-mass particle: + 1− = 3𝑟𝑠 𝑟
2 2𝑟 2 𝑟 2
2

ℓ2 𝑟 ℓ2 ℓ𝑟𝑠
 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟 = 1 − 𝑠 = −
2𝑟 2 𝑟 2𝑟 2 2𝑟 3
 PHOTON SPHERE
stable photon sphere

𝜋
 photons orbiting in xy-plane (𝑟 = 𝑟𝑝ℎ = constant, 𝜃 = 2 ):

1/2
𝑑𝜙 𝑐 𝑟𝑠
𝑑𝑠 = 0 ⟹ = 1−
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝛾 𝑟𝛾 3
𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑟𝑝ℎ = 𝑟𝑠
2
1/2
𝑑𝜙 𝑐 𝑟𝑠
𝑀 EoM ⟹ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝛾 2𝑟𝛾

𝑟𝑝ℎ

 photon radius 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑝ℎ is the last stable orbit.

unstable photon region

 photon radius 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑝ℎ depends on the underlying gravity theory.
(photons fall into BH)
 PHOTON SPHERE

(galaxy Messier 87 in the constellation Virgo)

(fosstodon.org, 2022)
 BLACK HOLE SHADOW

 photons falling within the photon sphere fall into black hole – a large shadow!

 consider a general spacetime:

𝛼𝑠ℎ
2 2 2 2
𝑑𝑠 = −𝐴(𝑟) 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 𝐷(𝑟) 𝑑 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2

(Perlick and Tsupko 2022 Phys Rep 947 1)

 shadow is characterized by “gravitational capture angle” ≡ shadow angle 𝛼𝑠ℎ :

𝑟𝑠
𝐷 𝑟𝑝ℎ 𝐴 𝑟𝑜 2
𝑟𝑝ℎ 1−
Schwarzschild 𝑟𝑜
sin2 𝛼𝑠ℎ = 𝑟𝑠 ×
𝐴 𝑟𝑝ℎ 𝐷 𝑟𝑜 1− 𝑟𝑜2
𝑟𝑝ℎ

27 𝑟𝑠2
Distant observer:
4 𝑟𝑜2
 BLACK HOLE SHADOW

shadow

𝑟𝑠 𝑠
𝑟𝛾

accretion disc
of matter

Shadow of a black hole Shadow of a black hole

(Thomas Bronzwaer and Heino Falcke 2021 ApJ 920 155) (EHT observation of Sgr. A* in 2019)
 BLACK HOLE SHADOW

Shadow of M87* (2019) Shadow of M87* (AI)

(EHT, 2019) (PRIMO, 2023)

(Lia Medeiros et al 2023 ApJL 947 L7)

 LIGHT BENDING BY BLACK HOLE

apparent star

real star 𝑏 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟)

reflected light

(Burger, D. et al 2018 Gen Relativ Gravit 50, 156)

𝑑𝑟 1 1 𝑟𝑠
 = − 1− 3𝑟𝑠 𝑅0 𝑟
𝑑𝜏 𝑏2 𝑟2 𝑟
2
𝑑𝜙 1
 =
𝑑𝜏 𝑟2

∞ 𝑑𝑟 small 𝑟𝑠 2𝑟𝑠
 𝜑𝐷 = 2 ‫𝑅׬‬ 1
0
1 1 𝑟 2
𝑅0
𝑟2 − 1− 𝑟𝑠
𝑏2 𝑟2
 LIGHT BENDING BY BLACK HOLE

(P. Laursen, 2021)

bending of light leads to
multiple images for objects
behind (lensing effect)
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

 effective potential seen by massless particle (photon):

ℓ2 𝑟𝑠 ℓ2 ℓ𝑟𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟 = 1− = 2− 3
2𝑟 2 𝑟 2𝑟 2𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟)
massless particle

 potential energy barrier for massless

particles is formed by angular momentum
(1/𝑟 2 ) and Schwarzschild radius (𝑟𝑠 /𝑟 3 ) quantum tunneling

 potential energy barrier for massive

particles involves in addition the 𝑟
Newtonian contribution (1/𝑟)

 quantum particles that fell into the black

hole can tunnel out through the barrier.
massive particle
 tunneled particles appear as radiation –
the Hawking radiation.
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

 Time it takes to traverse the barrier region: 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑟)

𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Δ𝑡 = ± න = ±න = 𝐸
𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝐸 − 2 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑛 ℓ2 ℓ𝑟𝑠
𝐸− 2+ 2
𝑟 𝑟3
𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑟𝑠2 𝑑 𝑟Ƹ (expand at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑠 ) 𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟
=± න
2ℓ2 − 3ℓ 𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑟Ƹ − 1 (𝐸 = ℓ(ℓ − 1)/𝑟𝑠2 )

𝑟𝑠2 (residue theorem)

=± × 𝜋𝑖 ≃ ±𝜋𝑖𝑟𝑠
2ℓ2 − 3ℓ (ℓ ≃ 𝑟𝑠 )
𝜌𝑒𝑚 ≃ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑟𝑠 𝐸
 Wavefunction: 𝜓 ∝ 𝑒 𝑖𝐸Δ𝑡 ≃ 𝑒 ±𝜋𝑟𝑠 𝐸
𝜌𝑎𝑏 ≃ 𝑒 +2𝜋𝑟𝑠 𝐸

1 ℏ𝑐 3
 Black body spectrum 𝑇≃ ≡
(a rough prediction): 4𝜋𝑟𝑠 8𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐺𝑁 𝑀
Hawking temperature
 QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

Emitted power (photons only):

𝑟𝑠
ℏ𝑐 6
𝑀 𝑃=
15360𝜋𝐺𝑁2 𝑀2

Evaporation time (photons only):

3
5120 𝜋𝐺𝑁2 𝑀3 67
𝑀
𝑡eva = ≈ 10 years ×
ℏ𝑐 4 𝑀Sun

Hawking radiation

(D. N. Page 1976 PRD 13, 198)

QUANTUM TUNNELING AND HAWKING RADIATION

(Frolov and Novikov 1998 “Black hole physics” (Springer))

 SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

Poincare-conserving UV cutoff 𝑀℘ : Poincare-breaking UV cutoff Λ℘ :

tree-level mass term = 𝑀℘2 tr[𝑉𝜇 𝑉𝜇 ] loop-level mass term= Λ2℘ tr[𝑉𝜇 𝑉𝜇 ]

𝑀℘2 “spurion 𝑆” Λ2℘ “spurion Σ”

(Poincare-conserving) (Poincare-breaking)

tr[𝑆 † 𝑉𝜇 𝑉𝜇 𝑆] tr[ 𝑉𝜇 Σ𝜇𝜈 𝑉 𝜈 ]

“spurion 𝑆” “Higgs 𝜙 ” “spurion Σ” “affine curvature ℝ”

tr[(𝐷𝜇 𝜙)† 𝐷𝜇 𝜙] tr[ 𝑉𝜇 ℝ𝜇𝜈 𝑉 𝜈 ]

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

P. Anderson, Phys. Rev. Phys. 130, 439 (1962) DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
F.Englert & R. Brout, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 321 (1964) DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 4652048 (2019)
P. Higgs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 508 (1964) DD, Adv. High En. Phys. 6727805 (2016)
SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)

 SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

𝑅 𝑔 𝑐𝑂 𝑐𝜙
𝑆𝑄𝐹𝑇+𝐺𝑅 = 𝑆 𝑔, 𝜓 + 𝛿𝑆 𝑔, 𝜓 + ‫ 𝑑 ׬‬4 𝑥 −𝑔 − − 𝑅 𝑔 2 − 𝑅 𝑔 𝜙 † 𝜙 + 𝒪(𝐺𝑁 )
16𝜋𝐺𝑁 16 4

QFT with 𝑅 + 𝑅2 gravity with

 dimensional-regularization in  non-minimal coupling to scalars,

curved background geometry,
 loop-induced coefficients originating
 loop corrections computed in from the flat spacetime QFT.
the flat spacetime QFT

symmetry-restoring emergent gravity = “symmergent gravity”

DD, Phys. Rev. D 107, 105014 (2023)
DD, Gen Relativ Gravit 53, 22 (2021)
 SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

4
𝑅 𝑔 𝑐𝑂 2
𝑆𝑠𝑔𝑟 = ‫ 𝑥 𝑑 ׬‬−𝑔 − − 𝑅 𝑔 − 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡
16𝜋𝐺𝑁 16

𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝛿𝑉

𝐺𝑁−1 = 8𝜋 str 𝑀2
1 4 (1 − 𝛼)
ො
𝛿𝑉 = str 𝑀 𝛿𝑉 =
64𝜋 2 24𝜋𝐺𝑁2 𝑐𝑂
𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑓
𝑐𝑂 =
128𝜋 2 (one possible
𝑚04 1 parametrization)
𝛿𝑉 = 𝑛 − 𝑛 =
64𝜋 2 𝑏 𝑓
24𝜋𝐺𝑁2 𝑐𝑂
(if bosons and fermions
had equal masses 𝑚0 )

J. Rayimbaev et al., Annals of Physics 454, 169335 (2023)

R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, Eur. Phys. J. C83, 250 (2023)
 SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

1 1
𝑅𝜇𝜈 − 𝑅 𝑔𝜇𝜈 − 2𝜋𝐺𝑁 𝑐𝑂 𝑅𝜇𝜈 − 𝑅𝑔𝜇𝜈 + □𝑔𝜇𝜈 − 𝛻𝜇 𝛻𝜈 𝑅 − 8𝜋𝐺𝑁 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0
2 4

 One class of solutions corresponds to constant scalar curvature (𝑅 = 𝑅0 = −8𝜋𝐺𝑁 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 )

 dS solution (𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 > 0 or 𝑛𝐵 > 𝑛𝐹 )

 AdS solution (𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 < 0 or 𝑛𝐵 < 𝑛𝐹 )

W. Nelson, Phys. Rev. D 82, 104026 (2010)
H. Lü et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 171601 (2015)
 𝑐𝑂 disappears from asymptotically-flat zero-𝑅 solution

 Another class corresponds to corresponds to variable scalar curvature (𝑅 ≠ constant)

 There exist asymptotically-flat solutions explicitly involving 𝑐𝑂

H. Buchdahl, Nuovo Cim. 23, 141 (1962)
H. Nguyen, Phys. Rev. D 107, 104009 (2023)
B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

gravity theory (𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0) static spherically-symmetric solutions

Symmergent gravity action: Buchdahl-Nguyen solution:
4 𝑅 𝑐𝑂 2 2 2 𝑑𝑟 2 2
‫𝑥 𝑑׬‬ −𝑔 −
16𝜋𝐺𝑁
−
16
𝑅 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐴(𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 − − 𝐶(𝑟) 𝑑 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝐵 𝑟

𝑀 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝜑 𝑟 1−
𝑟𝑠 𝜑 𝑟 𝑟𝑠 𝐶 𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝜑 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑟
𝐵 𝑟 =𝑒 1− 𝑟

𝑑 𝑑𝜑 𝑟
𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑟𝑠 = −𝛾𝑟 2 𝜑(𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑟𝑠
1 64𝜋
𝛾 = − 6𝜋𝑐 = − 3
𝑂 𝑛𝑏 −𝑛𝑓
H. Buchdahl, Nuovo Cim. 23, 141 (1962)
H. Nguyen, Phys. Rev. D 107, 104009 (2023)
B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

 Conformal factor 𝜑(𝑟)

𝑟𝑠 diverges at the Schwarzschild horizon 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑠 ≡ 2𝑀 and gets
suppressed exponentially (sinusoidally) at large 𝑟 for 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 < 0 (𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 < 0 ).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

 Metric potentials 𝐴 𝑟 and

𝑟𝑠 B 𝑟 approach to the flat spacetime limit of 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟. The approach is exponential
and different 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 < 0 values are hard to distinguish observationally.

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

 Metric potentials 𝐴 𝑟 and B 𝑟 approach to the flat spacetime limit of 𝐴 𝑟 = 𝐵 𝑟 = 1 at large 𝑟. The approach is
𝑟
sinusoidal and gradual 𝑠and different 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 > 0 values could be distinguished observationally.

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

 Photonsphere radius
𝑟𝑠 𝑟PS for 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 < 0 (left) and 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 > 0 (right).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 ASYMTOTICALLY-FLAT SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

 Hawking temperature
𝑟𝑠 as a function of the radial coordinate 𝑟 for 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 < 0 (left) and 𝑛𝐵 − 𝑛𝐹 > 0 (right).

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

 SCHWARZSHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLES

gravity theory (𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 0) static spherically-symmetric solutions

Symmergent gravity action: Schwarzschild-dS/AdS solution:

𝑅 𝑐𝑂 2 1−ෝ
𝛼 𝑑𝑟 2
‫𝑑 ׬‬4 𝑥 −𝑔 −
16𝜋𝐺𝑁
−
16
𝑅 −
8𝜋𝐺𝑁 2 𝑐𝑂
𝑑𝑠 2 = ℎ 𝑟 𝑐𝑑𝑡 2 − − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
ℎ 𝑟
𝑀

𝑟𝑠 1 − 𝛼ො 𝑟 2
ℎ 𝑟 =1− −
𝑟 24𝜋𝐺𝑁 𝑐𝑂
𝛼ො = a constant parametrizing
𝑛𝑏 −𝑛𝑓
symmergent vacuum energy
𝑐𝑂 =
248𝜋2

𝑟𝑠

I. Çimdiker, DD, A. Övgün, Phys. Dark Univ. 34, 100900 (2021)

 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

the regions in 𝑎 − 𝑐𝑂 plane
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
admitting BH solutions
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

event horizon: 𝑟ℎ = 2 𝑀 is (J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

the Schwarzschild radius (I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑎
𝑠=

𝑟𝑠

Photon sphere radius for a

rotating symmergent black hole
(R. Pantig, A. Ögün, DD, Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 250 )
of angular momentum number 𝑠)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)

effective potential for ℓ = 4.5 𝑀
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

innermost (ISCO) and outermost

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
(OSCO) stable circular orbits
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

bounds on model parameters form shadow (J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
radii of Sgr.A* (left) and M87* (right)
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

bending angle (𝜇𝑎𝑠) for a nearby source (𝑟𝑜 /20)

(J. Raimbayev et al 2206.06599 (Annals of Physics)
and an observer with impact parameter 𝑏.
(I. Çimdiker, A. Övgün, DD, Phys.Dark Univ. 34 (2021) 100900)
 SCHWARZSCHILD-dS/AdS SYMMERGENT BLACK HOLE

𝑟𝑠

Hawking temperature (𝑟𝑠 = 1) for

a charged symmergent black hole
(𝑐𝑂 = 0.9 and 𝑎 = 0.5) .
(B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Ögün, DD, under review CQG)
 BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION IN SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

Hawking radiation from photon, neutrino etc. :

Hawking radiation from new dark fields:

𝑟𝑠 𝑠
𝑀
Black hole temperature and evaporation rate
change if symmergent particles are included!

Hawking radiation={𝛾, 𝜈} + {light symmergent particles}

D. Gogoi, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)

B. Puliçe, R. Pantig, A. Övgün, DD, work in progress (2023)
 DARK STARS IN SYMMERGENT GRAVITY

GAIA: A sun-like star is orbiting about a dark object.

𝑀 = 11.7 𝑀sun Calculations: The dark object is less likely to be a black hole.
1.4 𝐴𝑈
Analyses: The dark object is likely to be a dark star.

dark stars and even dark galaxies

are expected in symmergent gravity A. Vallenari et al. [GAIA] Ast. Astrophys. (2022)
A. Pombo & I. Saltas (2023)
S. Das, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Övgün, DD (2023)
𝑀 Thank you.

𝑟𝑠