GRAVITY: REASON FOR BSM, STABILIZER OF SM + BSM

Durmuş Demir

Sabancı University, İstanbul

Conference on Neutrinos and Dark Matter (NDM 2020) (January 13, 2020; Hurghada,
1
Egypt)
 SM GR a ceti me of m et ric )
p
(cu rved s
(QFT in flat spacetime of metric
with full experimental confirmation)

BSM
(QFT in flat spacetime of metric as required for
dark matter, massive neutrinos, flavor, …) QFT and GR are incompatible:
𝜂 𝜇𝜈 ↪ 𝑔 𝜇𝜈
𝑄 ℱ𝒯 ( 𝑔 ,𝜓 )
(R. Wald, 0907.0416,2009)
Each extension comes with a specific UV scale and specific mechanism:

Fact Interpretation Mechanism

explicit lepton number breaking see-saw
neutrinos have mass
at a scale ( neutrino mass)

gravity exists explicit Poincare breaking covariance

at a scale ( curvature)
The vacuum and the Higgs sectors are both destabilized:

+ h h
2
ℓ ≤ Λ℘
2 + 2
ℓ ≤ Λ℘
2 +

𝛿 𝑆𝑂𝐻 ( 𝜂 , Λ℘ ) =− ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ −𝜂 {𝑐 4 str [ 1 ] Λ℘ +𝑐 𝑚 str [ 𝑚 ] Λ ℘ +𝑐 h Λ ℘ h }

4 4 2 2 2 2

Quantity Loop Factor Problem

vacuum energy Cosmological Constant Problem

Higgs boson mass Big Hierarchy Problem

(Ya. Zeldovich, 1967, M. Veltman, 1981)

The photon, gluon, … all acquire masses:

2 2
ℓ ≤ Λ℘
𝜇
𝑉 ( 𝑘) 𝜈
𝑉 (𝑘 )

𝛿 𝑆𝑉 ( 𝜂 , Λ℘ ) = ∫ 𝑑 4 𝑥 √ −𝜂 {𝑐 𝑉 Λ2℘ +0. log Λ ℘ } tr [ V 𝜇 V 𝜇 ]+ transverse part

Gauge Boson Loop Factor Broken Symmetry

color

isospin

hypercharge

electric charge

(D’Attanasio, hep-ph/9602156, 1996; Peskin & Schroeder, 1995) (L. Okun, 1977; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, 1996)
How to stabilize the Higgs boson mass ?

How to prevent charge and color breaking ?

In search for an answer, start with a trivial identity:

𝛿𝑆𝑆𝑉𝑉≡−
≡−𝐼𝐼𝑉𝑉++∫ 𝛿 𝑉 𝑐𝑉 Λ ℘ tr [ V 𝜇 V ] + ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ −𝜂 𝑐 𝑉 tr [ 𝑉 ( − 𝐷 𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑉 +𝜕 𝜇 (𝑉 𝜈 𝑉
𝑑4𝑆𝑥𝑉√+−𝐼𝜂 2 𝜇 4 𝜇 2 𝜈 𝜇𝜈
𝛿 )]

≡− 𝐼 𝑉 ( 𝜂 )+ ∫ 𝑑 4 𝑥 √ − 𝜂 𝑐𝑉 tr [ 𝑉 𝜇 ( − 𝐷2𝜇𝜈 + Λ2℘ 𝜂𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑉 𝜈 +𝜕 𝜇 (𝑉 𝜈 𝑉 𝜇𝜈 )]

𝑐𝑉
𝐼 𝑉 ( 𝜂 )= ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ − 𝜂 tr [ V 𝜇𝜈 V ]
4 𝜇𝜈
2
2 2
𝐷 𝜇𝜈= 𝐷 𝜂 𝜇𝜈 − 𝐷 𝜇 𝐷𝜈 − 𝑉 𝜇𝜈

𝐷 𝜇=𝜕 𝜇 +𝑖𝑔 𝑉 𝜇

(DD, 1901.07244, 2019; 1605.00377, 2016)

… and invoke general covariance to take the “new ” into curved spacetime:

𝜂 𝜇𝜈 ↪ 𝑔 𝜇𝜈
𝛿 𝑆𝑉 ( 𝜂 , Λ ℘ ) 𝛿 𝑆𝑉 ( 𝑔 , Λ ℘≡−
) 𝐼 𝑉 ( 𝑔 ) + ∫ 𝑑 4 𝑥 √ −𝑔 𝑐𝑉 tr [ 𝑉 𝜇 (− 𝒟2𝜇𝜈 + Λ2℘ 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 ) 𝑉 𝜈 + 𝛻𝜇 (𝑉 𝜈 𝑉 𝜇𝜈 )]

2 2
𝒟 𝜇𝜈=𝒟 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 − 𝒟𝜇 𝒟𝜈 −𝑉 𝜇𝜈

𝒟 𝜇=𝛻 𝜇 +𝑖𝑔 𝑉 𝜇

+-
… but a curvature sector is needed for metric to be dynamical:

𝛿 𝑆𝑉 ( 𝑔 , Λ ℘ ) + curvature sector

+ +

𝜇𝜈 𝑔
𝑅 ( 𝑔 )=𝑔 𝑅 𝜇𝜈 ( Γ )

are all incalculable constants!

(loops have been used up in flat spacetime)

curvature-by-hand works only for classical FT !

for curvature must arise from “within”
How to make curvature arise from within effective QFT?
E. Krestchmann, 1915,
J. D. Norton, 2001,
general covariance alone does not mean gravity; R. D. Sorkin, 2002 , …
any theory (say, Newtonian) can be made covariant
curvature must be included separately; either by hand
… or by a new rule giving birth to curvature :

2
QF T 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ( 𝜂 , Λ ℘ )
𝜂𝜇𝜈 ↪𝑔 𝜇𝜈 QF T 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ( 𝑔 , Λ℘ ) 𝛬℘ 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ↪ ℝ 𝜇𝜈 (𝛤 ) QF T 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ( 𝑔 , ℝ )

𝜆 𝑔 𝜆 𝑔
Γ 𝜇𝜈 ≠ Γ 𝜇𝜈 ⟹ ℝ 𝜇𝜈 ( 𝛤 ) ≠ 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ )

“affine curvature” is the substance needed to

fix the “vacuous” nature of general covariance

(DD, PPC, Texas A&M, 2017)

Extended general covariance makes purely geometrical:

𝜂 𝜇𝜈 ↪ 𝑔 𝜇𝜈
𝛿 𝑆𝑉 ( 𝜂 , Λ ℘ ) 2
𝛬℘ 𝑔𝜇𝜈 ↪ ℝ 𝜇𝜈 (𝛤 )
4
[
− 𝐼 𝑉 ( 𝑔 ) + ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ −𝑔 c V tr 𝑉 ( − 𝒟𝜇𝜈 + ℝ 𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) ) 𝑉 + 𝛻 𝜇 ( 𝑉 𝜈 𝑉
𝜇 2 𝜈 𝜇𝜈
)]

¿ ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ − 𝑔 𝑐𝑉 tr 𝑉
4
[ (ℝ
𝜇
𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) − 𝑅 𝜇𝜈 (
𝑔
Γ ) ) 𝑉
𝜈
]

if is held unchanged
under CCB gets suppressed if
dynamics enables
Extended general covariance cools down the vacuum and Higgs sectors ():

str[…] must
lead to!
vacuum energy
turned into
curvature-
squared!
Higgs mass-
squared turned into
Higgs-curvature
coupling!
Newton’s constant necessitates a BSM sector:

str str
SM alone is insufficient !

introduce a “BSM sector”

composed of fields of masses
SM and BSM do not have to couple to each other:

one-loop 1
2
str [ ℳ 2
]
64 𝜋

ℳ ={𝑚h , 𝑚𝑉 , 𝑚 𝑓 , 𝑚h , 𝑚𝑉 ,𝑚 𝑓 , ⋯ }
′ ′ ′

no need to SM-BSM coupling!

(in contrast to SUSY, compositeness,
extra dimensions, little Higgs, …)
 Extended general covariance sets the complete curvature sector (on the SM+BSM basis):

𝑐4
str [ 1 ] ( ℝ ( 𝑔 , Γ ) ) − 𝑐 𝑉 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) tr [ 𝒱 𝒱 ] }
2
𝛿 𝑆 ( 𝑔 , ℝ ) = ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 √ − 𝑔 {− Q
4 𝜇𝜈 𝑔 𝜇 𝜈
ℝ 𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) +
16

( )
2
𝑀 𝑃𝑙 𝑐 4
str [ 1 ] ℝ ( 𝑔 , Γ ) 𝑔 +𝒦
𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈
𝑄 = +
2 8

′
ℋ ={h , h′ } 𝒱 𝜇 ={𝑉 𝜇 ,𝑉 𝜇 }
 GR is possible only for a specific solution o:

Γ
𝛻𝛼 𝑄𝜇𝜈 = 0

a non-linear PDE for because

involves the affine curvature

GR emerges only if
dependence is erased
erasing from

(𝑓 )
str [ 1 ] =0 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑏)
𝑆𝑀 + 𝐵𝑆𝑀 =𝑛𝑆𝑀 +𝐵𝑆𝑀

a purely algebraic
relation between
and !
Extended general covariance suppresses Charge and Color Breaking (CCB):

( )
2
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆 𝛻𝒦 𝑔 𝛻 𝒦
Γ = Γ
𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈 +𝒪 2
⟹ ℝ 𝜇𝜈
( Γ ) = 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) + 𝒪 ( 2
)
𝑀 𝑃𝑙 𝑀 𝑃𝑙

CCB is suppressed ! no gauge or

Higgs mass
terms at all!
Extended general covariance leads to exact Einstein gravity:

( )
2
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆 𝛻𝒦 𝑔 𝛻 𝒦
Γ = Γ
𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈 +𝒪 2
⟹ ℝ 𝜇𝜈
( Γ ) = 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) + 𝒪 ( 2
)
𝑀 𝑃𝑙 𝑀 𝑃𝑙

exact Einstein gravity

(no higher-curvature terms;
impossible to get with
general covariance alone!)
Extended general covariance solves the big hierarchy problem:

( )
2
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆 𝛻𝒦 𝑔 𝛻 𝒦
Γ = Γ
𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈 +𝒪 2
⟹ ℝ 𝜇𝜈
( Γ ) = 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) + 𝒪 ( 2
)
𝑀 𝑃𝑙 𝑀 𝑃𝑙

big hierarchy problem is gone

(little hierarchy problem is there!)
GR has emerged in a way restoring gauge invariance (broken explicitly by Poincare breaking scale):

( )
2
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆 𝛻𝒦 𝑔 𝛻 𝒦
Γ = Γ
𝜇𝜈 𝜇𝜈 +𝒪 2
⟹ ℝ 𝜇𝜈
( Γ ) = 𝑅𝜇𝜈 ( Γ ) + 𝒪 ( 2
)
𝑀 𝑃𝑙 𝑀 𝑃𝑙

GR has emerged in a way

restoring the explicitly
broken gauge symmetries
(symmergent gravity)
Logarithmic corrections are important:

 an shift in vacuum energy:

cosmological constant
problem (severest form)

 an shift in Higgs boson mass-squared:

little hierarchy problem

(heavier the BSM larger the Higgs mass)
difference from other models: BSM and SM do not have to interact!
BSM couples to SM unnaturally

(Higgs is destabilized by BSM)

BSM does not couple to SM  BSM is visible yet «fine-tuned»

(BSM can be detected!)

(Higgs is absolutely stable!)

 BSM = split-SUSY (broken at )
 BSM is pitch-dark
(BSM evades detection!)
str [ 1 ] =0
1
𝑀2
𝑃𝑙 = 2
str [ ℳ 2 ]
64 𝜋
BSM couples to SM naturally

 (N. Arkani-Hamed
(Higgs is logarithmically stable) and S. Dimopoulos,
hep-th/0405159)

 BSM is dark
(BSM can be detected!)
Pitch-Dark BSM agrees with all the current data:

no coupling
 PD BSM couples to SM only gravitationally:
X

(Higgs mass is absolutely stable!)

 PD BSM is home to Dark Energy.

(It might compensate to solve the CCP)

 PD BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data seem to favor «undetectable» Dark Matter)

 PD BSM can be formed by gravitational particle

production at the end of inflation.

(P. Peebles and A. Vilenkin, arXiv:astro-ph/9904396)

Dark BSM ensures Higgs stability and offers a rich astro-particle physics:

 Dark BSM couples to SM see-sawically: coupling

(Higgs mass is logarithmically stable!)

 Dark BSM is home to Dark Energy/Dark Photon

(They might be observed at high-luminosity)

 Dark BSM is home to Dark Matter

(Data may hide suchlike Dark Matter)
Dark BSM can be searched variously:

SM BSM

2
2 𝑚𝐻
𝜆 ≲
production 𝑆𝑀 / 𝐵𝑆𝑀 2
𝑚𝐵𝑆𝑀 annihilation

SM detection BSM
Dark BSM particles can be detected mainly at high-luminosity colliders.

𝜆 𝑆𝑀 / 𝐵𝑆𝑀 1
heavier the BSM
feebler the couplig

disallowed

allowed

𝑚2𝐵𝑆𝑀
𝑚2𝐻

excluded by LHC !
 Scalar Dark Matter mass is bounded from above (when ):

h h

h
2
h
𝜆 hh
′

 h remains stable if it ejoys a

 acquires correct relic density if

 and see-sawic structure imposes

quite a low bound!

(DM may have various forms, though!)
See-sawic bounds can put restrictions on Dark Matter exclusion limits (depending on mediator and DM candidate)

only scalar DM!

(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)

Dark photon coupling (kinetic mixing with hypercharge) is already within the see-sawic range:

𝜆𝐵 𝑍 ′

𝑚𝑉 ′
(T. Lin, arXiv:1904.07915)
Dark Neutrios must be relatively light:

⟨𝐻⟩ 𝑁′ ⟨𝐻⟩
𝜆𝐻 𝑁 ′ 𝜆𝐻 𝑁 ′

𝐿 𝐿

 active neutrinos acquire a mass (

 and as a result, see-sawic structure imposes

a fairly light RH neutrino sector!

(F. Vissani, hep-ph/9709409, 1998)

Symmergence leads to a natural, diverse and wide SM+BSM:

 Exact Einstein gravity.

 Natural Higgs boson

 Charge and color conservation

BSM
 Diverse BSM sector
SM
 Various particle and astro-particle phenomena

 Dimensionally Regularized SM + BSM:

 CCP remains! BSM

GR
Thank you!

particle physicist in the time of LHC

The affine curvature obeys a non-linear PDE ( and are dropped, for simplicity):

() for
for non-linearities dominate, gravity
deviates from GR!
 Color breaking demolishes confinement and destructs therefore all the hadronic structures.

 Isospin is broken explicitly and spontaneously (by .

 Electromagnetism is broken explicitly by

2
~ ( 𝑔22 − 𝑔 2𝑌 ) ⟨ 𝐻 ⟩
tan 2 𝜃 𝑊 = 2
tan 2 𝜃 𝑊 ⟹𝜕 𝜇 𝐽 𝜇𝐸𝑀 ≠ 0
( 𝑔 2 − 𝑔𝑌 ) ⟨ 𝐻 ⟩ +2 ( 𝑐 𝑊 − 2 𝑐 𝐵 ) Λ ℘
2 2 2

𝜈 𝑒𝐿 𝑒𝑅

𝜈 𝑒𝐿 𝑒𝑅

(L. Okun & M. Voloshin, ‘77; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, ‘96)