PHY5052(Cold Atom Physics)

Mid-term summary
2022.04.07

C. Foot, atomic physics chapters 1-7

 Mid-term Exam
➢ On 14th April in class
➢ Content: Atomic structure, spin1/2 system, and including
the selection rules of transitions (next class), i.e. contents
until next class
➢ Close-book exam: no complicated calculation but basic
results and formula needed, more on physical mechanisms
➢ A summary class next Friday, including the homework

2
 Outline

➢ Atomic structure

➢ Light-atom interaction

3
 The total Hamiltonian
Considering hydrogen-like particles (easily extended to other atoms)

𝐻 = 𝐻0 + 𝐻rel + 𝐻HFS + 𝐻𝐵 + 𝐻𝑆
𝑝2 𝑒2𝑍
𝐻0 = + 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐶 = −
2𝑚 4πϵ0 𝑟

𝑝4 ℎ2 𝑍𝑒 2 1 → → ℎ2 2
𝑍𝑒 2
𝐻rel =− + 𝐿·𝑆− 𝛻
8𝑚3 𝑐 2 2𝑚3 𝑐 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 8𝑚2 𝑐 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

3→ → → → →
2
→
2
→ → 𝐼 · 𝐽 2𝐼 · 𝐽 + 1 − 𝐼 · 𝐽
𝐻HFS = 𝐴𝐼 · 𝐽 + 𝐵 2
2𝐼 2𝐼 − 1 𝐽 2𝐽 − 1

→ → → → → →
𝐻𝐵 = −𝜇 · 𝐵 = − 𝜇𝑆 + 𝜇𝐿 + 𝜇𝐼 ·𝐵

→ →
𝐻𝑆 = −𝜇 𝑒 ·𝐸 Using perturbation theory

4
 The Bohr formula
ℏ2 𝛻𝑟2 𝑍𝑒 2
− − 𝜓 𝒓 = 𝐸𝜓 𝒓
2𝑚 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
Spherical coordinate:

ℏ2 1 𝜕 2
𝜕 1 1 𝜕 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 2
− 𝑟 + 2 sinθ + 2 2 𝜓 + 𝑉𝜓 = 𝐸𝜓
2𝑚 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sinθ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑 2

Separate into radial and angular part:

𝜓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝑅 𝑟 𝑌 𝜃, 𝜑

5
 The Bohr formula
ℏ2 𝛻𝑟2 𝑍𝑒 2
− − 𝜓 𝒓 = 𝐸𝜓 𝒓
2𝑚 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝜓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝑅 𝑟 𝑌 𝜃, 𝜑
The spherical harmonics:

2𝑙 + 1 𝑙 − 𝑚 ! 𝑚
𝑌𝑙𝑚 𝜃, 𝜙 = −1 𝑚
𝑃𝑙 cosθ 𝑒 ⅈ𝑚𝜙
4𝜋 𝑙 + 𝑚 !
is the eigen function of the angular part (angular momentum):

𝐿2 𝑌𝑙𝑚 𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝑙(𝑙 + 1)ℏ 𝑌𝑙𝑚 𝜃, 𝜙

𝐿𝑧 𝑌𝑙𝑚 𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝑚ℏ 𝑌𝑙𝑚 𝜃, 𝜙

𝑙 statelabel
0 𝑠
1 𝑝
2 𝑑
3 𝑓
4 𝑔
6
 The Bohr formula
ℏ2 𝛻𝑟2 𝑍𝑒 2
− − 𝜓 𝒓 = 𝐸𝜓 𝒓
2𝑚 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝜓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 = 𝑅 𝑟 𝑌 𝜃, 𝜑
The radial equation:
2
1 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 2𝑚𝑟
𝑟2 − 2 𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐸 = 𝑙(𝑙 + 1)
𝑅 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ℏ
𝑙 𝑙 + 1 ℏ2
𝑉eff 𝑟 = 𝑉 𝑟 +
The radial solution: 2𝑚𝑟 2
2
𝑚 𝑒2 1
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
ℏ 4πϵ0 2𝑛2
𝑙 ≤𝑛−1
2 3 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1 ! −𝑟/𝑛𝑎 2𝑟 𝑙 2𝑙+1 2𝑟 𝑚
𝜓𝑛𝑙𝑚 = ( ) 𝑒 ( ) 𝐿 𝑛−𝑙−1 𝑟 𝑌𝑙 (𝜃, 𝜙)
4𝑛𝑎 2𝑛[ 𝑛 + 𝑙 !]3 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎

෠ 𝑛𝑙𝑚 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 = −1 𝑙 𝜓𝑛𝑙𝑚 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑
𝑃𝜓
➢ Each ψ has (n - l - 1) nodes (except for r=0);
➢ For l ≠ 0, the wavefunction vanishes at the origin 7
 The Bohr formula

2
𝑚 𝑒2 1 𝑚𝑒 𝑒 4
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 𝑅∞ ≡ 2 3
= 10973731.568160(21) m−1
2ℏ 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑛2 8𝜖0 ℎ 𝑐
ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 ℎ 𝑐 𝑅∞
=− = − 4π ϵ0ℏ2
2𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑎0 ≡ = 0.529 Å
𝑚𝑒 𝑒 2
ℏ2 1 𝛼 2 𝑚𝑐 2
=− =− 𝑒2 1
𝑚𝑎0 2 2𝑛2 2 𝑛2 𝛼= ≅
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑐ℏ 137

Note : the energy levels of H are highly degenerate. For a given n,

1) l has n values: 𝑙 ≤ 𝑛 − 1
2) m has 2l+1 values with each l
3) total degeneracy: n2

8
 The Bohr formula
Some important scaling rules:
1 1 2𝑅𝑦
ΔE =𝑅𝑦 2 − 2
≃ 3
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
1
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑛𝑙 ❘𝑟❘𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 3𝑛2 − 𝑙 𝑙 + 1 𝑎0 ∝ 𝑛2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 ∝ 2 = 2 3 ∝
𝑟 𝑛 𝑎0 𝑛 𝑟2 𝑎0 𝑛 𝑙 + 1Τ2 𝑛3
1 1 1 1
= ∝
𝑟3 𝑎0 3 𝑛3 (𝑙 + 1)(𝑙 + 1/2)𝑙 𝑛3

9
 The relativistic effects: Dirac equation
𝑝 2 𝑍𝑒 2
𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐 2 + −
2𝑚 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑝4 ℎ2 𝑍𝑒 2 1 ℎ2 2
𝑍𝑒 2
− + 𝑳 ∙ 𝑺 − 𝛻
8𝑚3 𝑐 2 2𝑚3 𝑐 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 8𝑚2 𝑐 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

K.E. SOC Darwin term

Hrel HSO HD
where:
Zα 4 𝑚𝑐 2 1 3
𝐻rel =− −
2𝑛3 𝐿 + 1Τ2 4𝑛
𝐽 𝐽+1 −𝐿 𝐿+1 −𝑆 𝑆+1 𝐿≠0
𝐻SO = 𝑍 4 𝛼 4 𝑚𝑐 2
4𝑛3 𝐿 𝐿 + 1Τ2 𝐿 + 1
4 2
1 𝐿=0
𝐻𝐷 = Zα 𝑚c
2𝑛3
s orbit (l = 0) Non-s orbit l > 0 sign
Rel. mass Yes Yes -
LS coupling No Yes + or -
Darwin term Yes No + 10
 The relativistic effects: Dirac equation

𝛥𝐸𝑛𝑗 = 𝐻𝐷 + 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑙 + 𝐻𝑆𝑂 J= l ± 1/2

𝑍 4 𝛼 4 𝑚𝑐 2 1 3 𝑍 4 𝛼 4 mc 2 1
= − − 𝛥𝐸𝐹𝑆 =
2𝑛3 𝐽+1Τ2 4𝑛
2𝑛3 𝑙(𝑙 + 1)

11
 The hyperfine structure
Interaction between the nuclear and the electron
3
3 𝑰 ∙ 𝑱 2 + 𝑰 ∙ 𝑱 − 𝑰2 · 𝑱2
𝐻𝐻𝐹𝑆 = 𝐴 𝑰 ∙ 𝑱 + 𝐵 2
2𝐼 2𝐼 − 1 𝐽(2𝐽 − 1)

Mag-dip Elec-qua
HMD HEQ
3
𝐴 𝐵 2 𝐾 𝐾 + 1 − 2𝐼 𝐼 + 1 𝐽 𝐽 + 1
ΔEHFS = 𝐾+
2 4 𝐼 2𝐼 − 1 𝐽 2𝐽 − 1

𝐾 = 𝐹 𝐹+1 −𝐼 𝐼+1 −𝐽 𝐽+1

𝜇0 1 𝑍3
𝐴= 2𝑔𝐼 𝜇𝐵 𝜇𝑁
4𝜋 1 3 3
𝑗(𝑗 + 1) 𝑙 + 2 𝑎0 𝑛
𝜕 2 𝑉𝑒
𝐵=𝑄
𝜕𝑧 2
Most times, A and B are measured instead of calculated
12
 Isotope shift
Mass effect: finite mass

1 2 𝑍𝛼 2 𝑀𝑁 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒
𝐸𝑛𝑙 = − 𝜇𝑐 𝜇= =
2 𝑛2 𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀𝑁 1 + 𝑚𝑒 /𝑀𝑁
The isotope shift :
𝑚𝑒 1 1 𝑚𝑒 𝛿𝐴
δE𝑛 ≈ 𝐸𝑛0 − 0
= 𝐸𝑛
𝑚𝑝 𝐴 ′ 𝐴 𝑚𝑝 𝐴𝐴′

Volume shift: finite size

𝑙=0

13
 Zeeman effect
𝐻𝐵 = −𝝁 · 𝑩 = − 𝝁𝑺 + 𝝁𝑳 + 𝝁𝑰 · 𝑩

HB<< HHFS HHFS≪ HB ≪HFS HB >>ΔEFS 𝐵

eigen |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝐽𝐼𝐹𝑚𝐹 ۧ |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝐽𝐼𝑚𝐽 𝑚𝐼 ൿ |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑆 𝐼𝑚𝐼 ۧ

𝐸𝐵 𝜇𝐵 𝑔𝐹 𝑚𝐹 𝐵𝑧 𝑔𝐽 𝜇𝐵 𝑚𝐽 + 𝑔𝐼 𝜇𝑁 𝑚𝐼 𝐵𝑧 𝜇𝐵 𝐵𝑧 𝑔𝐿 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑔𝑆 𝑚𝑆

𝐸𝐻𝐹𝑆 𝐴𝑱 ∙ 𝑰 𝐴𝑚𝐽 𝑚𝐼 𝐴𝑚𝐽 𝑚𝐼

𝐸𝐹𝑆 𝛽𝑳 ∙ 𝑺 𝛽𝑳 ∙ 𝑺 𝛽𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑆

𝐹 𝐹+1 +𝐽 𝐽+1 −𝐼 𝐼+1

𝑔𝐹 = 𝑔𝐽
2𝐹 𝐹+1
𝐽 𝐽+1 +𝑆 𝑆+1 −𝐿 𝐿+1 L
𝐹 𝐹+1 +𝐼 𝐼+1 −𝐽 𝐽+1 𝑔𝐽 = 1 + 14
+𝑔𝐼 ′ 2𝐽 𝐽 + 1
2𝐹 𝐹+1
 Zeeman effect
𝐻𝐵 = −𝝁 · 𝑩 = − 𝝁𝑺 + 𝝁𝑳 + 𝝁𝑰 · 𝑩

HB<< HHFS HHFS≪ HB ≪HFS HB >>ΔEFS 𝐵

eigen |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝐽𝐼𝐹𝑚𝐹 ۧ |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝐽𝐼𝑚𝐽 𝑚𝐼 ൿ |𝑛𝐿𝑆𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑆 𝐼𝑚𝐼 ۧ

𝐸𝐵 𝜇𝐵 𝑔𝐹 𝑚𝐹 𝐵𝑧 𝑔𝐽 𝜇𝐵 𝑚𝐽 + 𝑔𝐼 𝜇𝑁 𝑚𝐼 𝐵𝑧 𝜇𝐵 𝐵𝑧 𝑔𝐿 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑔𝑆 𝑚𝑆

ΔEHFS ≈ HB ≪ΔEFS: diagonalizing the Hamiltonian

Ultilizing the conservation of 𝑴𝑭

Breit-Rabi formula for J=1/2

1 Τ2
ΔEhfs ΔEhfs 4𝑚𝐹 𝑥
𝐸|𝐽=1Τ2𝑚𝐽𝑚𝐼‫ۄ‬ =− + 𝑔𝐼 𝜇𝐵 𝑚𝐹 𝐵 ± 1+ + 𝑥2
2 2𝐼 + 1 2 2𝐼 + 1

𝑔𝐽 𝜇𝐵 − 𝑔𝐼 𝜇𝑁 𝐵
ΔEhfs = 𝐴 𝐼 + 1Τ2 𝑥=
ΔEhfs
15
 The Zeeman effect
Numerical method:
mI mF
23Na
3/2 2
1/2 1
3 2S1/2 -1/2 -1
-3/2 -2

-3/2 -2
-1/2 -1
1/2 0
3/2 1

16
 Stark effect

𝐻𝑆 = −𝝁𝑒 · 𝑬 = 𝑒𝐸𝑧 Field along z

ΔEnlm = nlm❘𝐻S ❘nlm

→ →
= e𝐸 නⅆ3 𝑟𝜓 ∗ nlm 𝑟 𝑧𝜓nlm 𝑟

only off-diagonal term

Coupling different parity states

Linear Stark effect: do not exist in real atoms (no l degeneracy)

Quadratic Stark effect:

2 | 1𝑠❘𝑧❘np |2
ΔEStark = −𝑒 2 𝐸 2 ෍
𝐸𝑛𝑝 − 𝐸1𝑠
𝑛𝑝+𝑝

2
1 2 1 2
3𝑚𝐽 − 𝐽(𝐽 + 1)
𝐸𝑆 = − 𝛼𝐸 − 𝛼2 𝐸
2 2 𝐽(2𝐽 − 1)

17
 Application to Rydberg atoms
Quite H like:
𝑅𝑦
large n 𝐸(𝑛, 𝑙) = −
(𝑛 − 𝛿𝑙 )2

properties scaling
Energy 1/n2
Energy spacing 1/n3
Radius and electric dipole moment n2
Radiative lifetime n3
Polarizability n7
Dipole-dipole interaction n4
Van-del Waals interaction (𝐶6 ) n11

18
 Extension to alkali atoms
The Bohr energy:
𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦
𝐸(𝑛, 𝑙) = − =− 2 𝑛∗ = 13.6 eV/IE 1/2
(𝑛 − 𝛿𝑙 )2 𝑛∗
quantum defect
Fine structure:
→ → β
𝛥𝐸𝐹𝑆 =β𝐿·𝑆 = 𝐽 𝐽+1 −𝐿 𝐿+1 −𝑆 𝑆+1 𝑍𝑖2 𝑍𝑜2
2 β∝ ∗ 3
(𝑛 )
Hyperfine structure:
3
𝐴 𝐵 2 𝐾 𝐾 + 1 − 2𝐼 𝐼 + 1 𝐽 𝐽 + 1
𝛥𝐸𝐻𝐹𝑆 = 𝐾+
2 4 𝐼 2𝐼 − 1 𝐽 2𝐽 − 1 𝑍𝑖 𝑍𝑜2
𝐴∝ ∗ 3
(𝑛 )
𝐾 = 𝐹 𝐹+1 −𝐼 𝐼+1 −𝐽 𝐽+1

Zeeman splitting: same as H atom

19
 The 87Rb D2 line

D2 line in 87Rb
I = 3/2
780.241 209 686(13) nm
384.230 484 468 5(62) THz
12 816.549 389 93(21) cm-1
1.589 049 462(38) eV

20
 He and multiple electron atoms
Helium atom:
ℏ2 2 ℏ2 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑒2
𝐻 =− 𝛻 − 𝛻 − − +
2𝑚 1 2𝑚 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12

Include the spin:

𝜓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝒓 𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝜒

൝
𝜓𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝒓 𝜓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝜒

1
𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝜒 = (|↑↓ۧ − |↓↑ۧ): S=0 Spin singlet
2
1
𝜓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝜒 = |↑↑ۧ, |↓↓ۧ, 𝑜𝑟 (|↑↓ۧ + |↓↑ۧ): S=1 Spin triplet
2

Ground state: 1 𝑠2 1 1 𝑆0 𝑛 2𝑆+1 𝐿𝐽

First excite state: 1s2s 2 1 𝑆0 or 2 3 𝑆1
Second excite state: 1s2p 2 1 𝑃1 or 2 3 𝑃0,1,2
21
 He and multiple electron atoms
Helium atom:
ℏ2 2 ℏ2 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑒2
𝐻 =− 𝛻1 − 𝛻2 − − +
2𝑚 2𝑚 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
Perturbation theory:
The ground state:
𝑒2
Δ𝐸 = 𝜓𝑔 𝜓𝑔
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟12
𝑠
1
𝜓𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 1𝑠𝑛𝑙 + 𝑛𝑙1𝑠
Excited states: 2
𝑎.𝑠
1
𝜓𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 1𝑠𝑛𝑙 − 𝑛𝑙1𝑠
′
Δ𝐸 = ‫ۧ𝜓 𝐻 𝜓ۦ‬ 2
= ‫ۦ‬1𝑠𝑛𝑙|𝐻 ′ |1𝑠𝑛𝑙ۧ ± ‫ۦ‬1𝑠𝑛𝑙|𝐻′ |𝑛𝑙1𝑠ۧ
=𝐽±K

Direct integral 𝐽 : Coulomb repulsion of the clouds;

Exchange integral K: the interference of the amplituⅆes

22
 He and multiple electron atoms

The fine structure: 𝐻𝑟𝑒 𝑣. 𝑠 𝐻𝑠−𝑜

➢ LS-coupling ➢ jj-coupling
𝐻𝑟𝑒 ≫ 𝐻𝑠−𝑜 𝐻𝑠−𝑜 ≫ 𝐻𝑟𝑒

23
HW2 Q.3 energy level of Yb

24
 Energy levels of Sr
1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6 5s2

Heinz’s thesis, Munich 25

 Outline

➢ Atomic structure

➢ Light-atom interaction

26
 Light-atom interaction
Classical NMR:
𝐿ሶ = 𝜏 = 𝜇റ × 𝐵 = 𝛾 𝐿 × 𝐵

𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑒Ƹ𝑧 𝐵0 𝑒Ƹ𝑧 𝜔
𝐵0 − 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝛾
𝜇റ
Ω𝐿 To a frame
𝜇റ
rotating with B1
𝑩𝟏 𝒆ො 𝒙′
𝜔 𝐵1
𝜔 𝐵1 𝐵𝑓𝑖𝑐 = − 𝑒Ƹ𝑧
𝛾
2
𝜔𝑅 Ω 𝑡
𝜇𝑧 𝑡 = 𝜇[1 − 2 2 sin2 ( 𝑅 )] (for 𝜇𝑧 0 = |𝜇|)
Ω𝑅 2

27
 Comparison of classical NMR and quantum TLS

Classical NMR TLS or spin-1/2 system

Energy spacing Larmor frequency: Ω𝐿 = 𝛾𝐵0 ℏ𝜔0

EM frequency 𝜔 (𝛿 = 𝜔 − Ω𝐿 ) 𝜔 (𝛿 = 𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
Rabi frequency ΩR = 𝜔𝑅2 + 𝛿 2 ΩR = 𝜔𝑅2 + 𝛿 2
𝜔R = 𝛾𝐵1 𝜔R

𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑒Ƹ𝑧 𝜔0
+ℏ
2 |𝑒 ۧ |↓ۧ
Ω𝐿
𝜇റ
|𝑔ۧ |↑ۧ
𝜔 𝜔0
−ℏ
𝐵1 2

ℏ −𝛿 𝜔𝑅
෩
𝐻=
2 𝜔𝑅 𝛿
Rot. frame 28
 Recall on last class
𝜔0
General two-level system: +ℏ
2 |𝑒 ۧ
ℏ 𝜔0 𝜔𝑅 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡
𝐻=
2 𝜔𝑅 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 −𝜔0
|𝑔 ۧ
𝜔0
−ℏ
Rotating frame: 2
෩ = 𝑅෠𝑧−1 𝜔𝑡 𝐻𝑅෠𝑧 𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡/2 0
𝐻 ෠
𝑅𝑧 𝜔𝑡 = +𝑖𝜔𝑡/2
~ ~ 0 𝑒
𝜓෨ 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑡 |𝑒 ۧ + 𝑎𝑔 𝑡 |𝑔 ۧ ~
𝑎𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 (𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡Τ2
The S.E.: ~
𝑎𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡Τ2
𝜕 𝑎෤𝑔 (𝑡) ℏ −𝛿 𝜔𝑅 𝑎෤𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑖ℏ = 𝛿 = 𝜔 − 𝜔0
𝜕𝑡 𝑎෤ 𝑒 (𝑡) 2 𝜔𝑅 𝛿 𝑎෤𝑒 (𝑡)

29
 Recall on last class
General two-level system in rotating frame: 𝜔0
+ℏ
2 |𝑒 ۧ
~ Ω 𝛿 𝑎𝑒 0 −𝜔𝑅 𝑎𝑔 0 Ω
𝑎𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑒 0 cos 𝑅 𝑡 + 𝑖 sin 𝑅 𝑡
2 Ω𝑅 2 𝛿 = 𝜔 − 𝜔0
~ Ω 𝛿𝑎𝑔 0 +𝜔𝑅 𝑎𝑒 0 Ω𝑅
𝑎𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑔 0 cos 𝑅 𝑡 − 𝑖 sin 𝑡 |𝑔 ۧ
2 Ω𝑅 2 𝜔0
−ℏ
~ Ω𝑅 = 𝜔𝑅2 + 𝛿 2 2
For 𝑎𝑔 0 = 𝑎𝑔 0 = 1
2
2 𝜔𝑅 2 Ω𝑅 𝑡
𝑃𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑎෤𝑒 𝑡 = sin
Ω2𝑅 2

For 𝛿 = 0
𝜋 pulse: 𝜔𝑅 𝑡 = 𝜋
𝑐𝑔 gۧ + 𝑐𝑒 eۧ → −𝑖 𝑐𝑒 gۧ + 𝑐𝑔 eۧ
𝜋/2 pulse: 𝜔𝑅 𝑡 = 𝜋/2

𝑐𝑔 gۧ + 𝑐𝑒 eۧ → (𝑐𝑔 − 𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) gۧ + (𝑐𝑒 − 𝑖𝑐𝑔 ) eۧ / 2

|gۧ → (|gۧ − 𝑖|eۧ)/ 2 30

 Recall on last class
General two-level system in rotating frame:
Energy level shift (AC field effect)： 𝛅 ≫ 𝛚𝐑 In the lab frame

Optical dipole trap

2 2
ℏ𝜔𝑅 𝜔𝑅 2 Ω𝑅 𝑡
Δ𝐸 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑡 ≈ sin |𝑒ۧ 𝐸 |𝑔ۧ
4𝛿 𝛿2 2
𝐸+ 𝐸+0
Rapid adiabatic passage:

ℏ 𝛿
𝐸+ = + 𝜔𝑅2 + 𝛿 2
2
ℏ
𝐸− = − 𝜔𝑅2 + 𝛿 2 𝐸− 𝐸−0
2
|𝑔ۧ |𝑒ۧ
32
 Light-atom interaction
The Hamiltonian 𝐸3 |3ۧ
𝑝2 𝑞 𝛿
𝐻= +𝑉− 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝑝Ԧ 𝐸2 |2ۧ = |𝑒ۧ
2𝑚 𝑚𝑐
ℏ𝜔𝑒𝑔 ℏ𝜔𝐿
𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸1 |1ۧ = |𝑔ۧ
𝑒𝐸0
𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑔 = 𝐸෠0 ∙ 𝑒 𝑝Ԧ 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘∙𝑟Ԧ 𝑔 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐. 𝑐.
2𝑖 𝑚𝜔
1 2
𝑒 𝑖 𝑘∙𝑟Ԧ = 1 + 𝑖 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟Ԧ +⋯
2
Electric ⅆipole transitoin(E1 transition)
(𝐸1)
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒 𝐸 ∙ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑒𝑟Ԧ ∙ 𝐸0 cos(𝜔𝑡)
Magnetic ⅆipole transitoin(M1 transition)
(𝑀1) 𝑒
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐵(𝑡) ∙ 𝐿 + 𝑔𝑆 𝑆Ԧ
𝑚

Electric quaⅆrupole transitoin(E2 transition)

(𝐸2) 𝑒
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐸(𝑡) ∙ 𝑟Ԧ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟Ԧ
2 34
 Semiclassical theory of light and atom interaction
Summary of possible transitions:

M1 and E2 transitions are typically 𝛼 2 = 5 × 10−5 weaker than E1.

35
 Selection rules
Electric dipole transition:
𝑑መ = 𝑒𝒓 → 𝑒𝑟𝑞1 𝜓1 𝑒𝒓 𝜓2 odd parity
෠ 𝑛𝑙𝑚 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 = −1 𝑙 𝜓𝑛𝑙𝑚 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑
𝑃𝜓
Parity must change
Δ𝑙 = ±1 Δ𝑆 = 0 Δ𝑚 = 0, ±1
Angular momentum rules: 𝐽=0 1 𝐽′
Δ𝐽 = 0, ±1 but not 0→0 −𝑚𝐽 = 0 𝑞 𝑚𝐽′
Δ𝑚𝐽 = 0, ±1

Magnetic dipole transition: no parity change

𝜓1 𝑳 + 𝟐𝑺 𝜓2
Δ𝐽 = 0, ±1 but not 0→0
Δ𝑚𝐽 = 0, ±1
Δ𝐿 = 0 Δ𝑆 = 0 No change in electronic configuration

𝜟𝑺 = 𝟎 not always valid, heavy atoms mix LS terms (Sr clock transition)
 Recall on last class
Selection rules: polarization of light
Intuitive picture : spin of photon transfers to or from the atom after absorption or emission

37
 Semiclassical theory of light and atom interaction
Selection rules: polarization of light
𝝈± /π polarized light: Δ𝑚 = ±1,0
➢ Defined respect to the quantization axis (B-field)

The quantization axis is

along z as defined by the B
field

Left- and right-hand circular polarized light:

➢ Defined respect to the propagation direction

The two are not one-by-one correspondence

38