• Polar Coordinates

• Conic Sections

1
Slope of tangent line to the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
𝑑𝑦
=? ?
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ sin 𝜃 + 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
2
Ex. Find the slope of the tangent line to the circle 𝑟 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 at the
point where 𝜃 = 𝜋/4

𝑑𝑦 𝑓′ sin 𝜃 + 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑑𝑟
𝑓′ = = −4 sin θ
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 −4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 4 cos2 𝜃
=
𝑑𝑥 −4 sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑦
ቤ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝜃=𝜋/4

3
 Sec.11.5: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates

Area in Polar Coordinates

Find area 𝐴 enclosed by
𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) , ∝ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽

1 2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2

𝛽
1 2
𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
𝛼
1
Sector Area = 𝑟 2 (𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
2

4
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the cardioid 𝑟 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝛽
1 2
𝐴 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
𝛼
2𝜋
1
𝐴 = න 4 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
2
0
Due to the symmetry
𝜋
1
𝐴 = 2 ∗ න 4(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2
0

= 6𝜋
5
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the rose curve 𝑟 = cos 2𝜃

𝜋/4 𝜋/4
1 2 1
𝐴 = 8 න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 8 න cos2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2
0 0
𝜋/4
8 1 𝜋
= න (1 + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =
2 2 2
0
 Area between two Polar Coordinates

Find area 𝐴 enclosed by the two curves

𝑟1 = 𝑓(𝜃), 𝑟2 = 𝑔(𝜃), ∝ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽

𝛽
1 2
𝐴 = න 𝑟2 − 𝑟12 𝑑𝜃
2
𝛼

7
 Ex. Find the area of the region that lies inside the cardioid
𝑟 = 4 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and outside the circle 𝑟 = 6
𝛽
1 2
𝐴 = න 𝑟2 − 𝑟12 𝑑𝜃
2
𝛼
𝑟2
The intersection pts 𝑟1
𝑟 = 4 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =6
1
cos 𝜃 = →→ 𝜃 = 60°
2

Due to the symmetry

𝜋/3
1 2
𝐴 = 2 ∗ න 16 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 36 𝑑𝜃 = 18 3 − 4𝜋
2
0
 Ex. Find the area of the region that lies inside the rose
𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) and outside the circle 𝑟 = 1

The intersection pts

𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 1
1
cos 2𝜃 = →→ 2𝜃 = 60°
2

𝜋/6
1
𝐴 = 8 ∗ න 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝜃
2
0

2
= 3+ 𝜋
3

9
Ex. Choose the correct answer: The area of the shaded region between
circles of unit radii can be obtained as
𝜋/4

𝑎) න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/4

𝑏) 2 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/4

𝑐) 8 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/4

𝑑) 16 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/4

𝑒) 16 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

10
 Length of a Polar Curve
The length of a curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) where 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 ∗
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝐿 = + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟
= cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑟
= sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝛽 2
2
𝑑𝑟
𝐿=න 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝛼 11
Ex. Find the length of the cardioid 𝑟 = 1 − cos 𝜃
𝛽 2
2
𝑑𝑟
𝐿=න 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝛼

L = 2න 1 − cos 𝜃 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋

= 2 න 2 − 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋
𝜃
= 2න 4 sin2 𝑑𝜃 = 8
2
0 12
Sec.11.6: Conic Sections

Double Circular Right Cone

13
Sec.11.6: Conic Sections

14
15
 Parabola

It is the set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed

point (called Focus) and a fixed line (called Directrix).

PF = PQ
16
17
 Parabola
The Standard Equation of a Parabola
PF = PQ

Remember that: Distance between 2 points

= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 +(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 2 = 𝑦+𝑝 2

𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦

18
Standard Forms of Parabolas

19
Ex. Find the focus and directrix of the parabola 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 = 0
and sketch it.

❑ 𝑦 2 = −10𝑥
❑ 4𝑝 = 10 →→ 𝑝 = 5/2
❑ Opening to the left
5
❑ Focus: − ,0
2
5
❑ Directrix: 𝑥 =
2

20
 Ellipse

It is the set of points in a plane whose distances from two fixed

points (foci) have a constant sum.

𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

21
22
 Ellipse

The Standard Equation of an Ellipse

𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

( x + c) 2
+y + 2
( x − c) 2
+ y 2 = 2a

x2 y2
+ =1
a 2
a −c2 2

Let b 2 = a 2 − c 2

x2 y2
+ =1
a 2
b 2 c = a 2 − b2 Note : a  c
23
Ellipse
Ellipse

24
 Standard Forms of Ellipses

x2 y2 x2 y2
+ =1 c = a −b
2 2
+ =1
2 2 2 2
a b b a
ab0 ab0

25
 Ex. Sketch the ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144 showing the foci and
vertices.
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
16 9
❑ Center: 0,0
❑ Semimajor axis: 𝑎 = 4
❑ Semiminor axis: 𝑏 = 3
❑ Center-to-focus distance: 𝑐 = 7
❑ Foci : ±𝑐, 0 = ± 7, 0
❑ Vertices: ±𝑎, 0 = ±4,0

26
Hyperbola

27
 Hyperbola

It is the set of points in a plane whose distances from two fixed

points (foci) have a constant difference.

For right branch: PF1 - PF2 = 2a

For left branch: PF2 - PF1 = 2a

28
 Hyperbola
The Standard Equation of a Hyperbola
PF1 - PF2 = 2a

( x + c) 2
+y −2
( x − c) 2
+ y 2 = 2a

x2 y2
− =1
a 2
c −a
2 2

Let b 2 = c 2 − a 2
x2 y2
− =1 c = a 2 + b2
a2 b2
Note : c  a
29
 Asymptotes of Hyperbola

x2 y2
For the hyperbola 2
− 2
=1
a b
 x 2 
y = b  2 − 1
2 2
a 
 

as x→, we can neglect (-1)

b2
y2 = x2
a2
b
y= x the asymptotes
a

30
 Standard Forms of Hyperbola

x2 y2 y2 x2
2
− 2
=1 c = a 2 + b2 2
− 2
=1
a b a b

b a
Asymptotes: y =  x Asymptotes: y =  x
a b
31
 𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex. Sketch the conic − = 1 showing the foci, vertices and
4 5
asymptotes.

❑ Center: 0,0
❑ 𝑎2 = 4, 𝑏 2 = 5
❑ 𝑐 2 = 4 + 5 = 9, 𝑐 = 3
❑ Foci : ±𝑐, 0 = ±3,0
❑ Vertices: ±𝑎, 0 = ±2,0
5
❑ Asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
2

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