Consider the polar curve r = 1 + sin θ

A. Locate the centroid of the right half area enclosed by the curve

Solve for the area of the right half area:

1
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2
1 𝜋/2
𝐴= ∫ (1 + sin 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2 −𝜋/2
𝐴 = 3𝜋/4
Solve for the centroid:
𝐴 𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑐 𝑑𝐴
As discussed, the distance of the centroid of the differential triangle formed has a distance of (2/3)r from the origin.
2
Since we need yc, we solve for its vertical component, ( ) 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
3

2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
3
2
𝐴𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐴
3
𝜋/2
3𝜋 2 1
( ) 𝑦̅ = ∫ (1 + sin 𝜃)(sin 𝜃) ( ) (1 + sin 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
4 −𝜋/2 3 2
𝑦̅ = 0.833
Therefore, centroid is
(𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟔, 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑)
B. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the arc formed by the function in the first quadrant.

Solve for the arc length, S:

𝑑𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 = √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
Since we are considering the first quadrant curve, the limit will be from 0 to 90degrees (pi/2 in radians).
𝑑𝑟
= cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2
𝑆 = ∫ √(1 + sin 𝜃)2 + (cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
0
𝑆 = 2.828 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑆 𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝑆
The distance of the differential arc formed is at a distance r from the origin. The value of xc is its horizontal component.
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑆 𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑆
𝜋
2
2.828 𝑥̅ = ∫ (1 + sin 𝜃)(cos 𝜃)√(1 + sin 𝜃)2 + (cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
0
̅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑
𝒙

𝑆 𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝑆
The distance of the differential arc formed is at a distance r from the origin. The value of yc is its vertical component.
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑆 𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑆
𝜋
2
2.828 𝑦̅ = ∫ (1 + sin 𝜃)(sin 𝜃)√(1 + sin 𝜃)2 + (cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
0
̅ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎
𝒚
Therefore, the centroid of the arc formed is at
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟑, 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎)
From the given following functions y=cosx, x=0 to x=π/2, x=0 and y=0
A. If the area bounded is rotated about the x-axis, what is the coordinate of the centroid of the solid formed?

Use the formula

𝑉𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝑉

Solve for the volume formed (using vertical strip, with height of rectangle as yu):
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑦𝑢 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ (cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑉 = 2.467

𝑉𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝑉
Note that at any possible vertical strip, the distance of the centroid of this strip to the y-axis is x, which is xc.
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑥
𝜋
2
𝑉 𝑥̅ = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥̅ = 0.467

By inspection, centroid ybar of the solid formed lies at the x-axis.

𝑦̅ = 0
Therefore, centroid:
(𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟕, 𝟎)
B. If the curve from x=0 to x=π/2 is rotated about the x axis, what is the location of the centroid of the surface formed?

Solve surface area first by using 1st theorem of Pappus:

𝑑(𝑆𝐴) = 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝐿
Solve for the differential length:

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝐿 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐿
0
𝜋/2
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ (cos 𝑥) √1 + (− sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑆𝐴 = 7.212 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Solve for centroid of SA:
(𝑆𝐴)𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑐 𝑑(𝑆𝐴)
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑥
𝜋/2
7.212 𝑥̅ = ∫ (𝑥 cos 𝑥)√1 + (− sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥̅ = 0.612
By inspection, centroid ybar of the surface area formed lies at the x-axis.

(𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟐, 𝟎)

A hemispherical tank of radius 3m is half-full of water. Find the work done in pumping all the water above the top of the
tank in kJ.

Solve for the value of h using formula for frustum of a sphere with one base:
𝜋ℎ2
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
The volume of water is only quarter of volume of a sphere.
1 4 𝜋ℎ2
( ) ( 𝜋𝑅 3 ) = (3𝑅 − ℎ)
4 3 3
1 4 𝜋ℎ2
( ) ( 𝜋(3)3 ) = (3(3) − ℎ)
4 3 3
ℎ = 1.958𝑚

Consider a differential volume (dV) of water with thickness dx, and distance of x from the bottom. This will produce the
differential force (dF) due to the weight of the water:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝛾) × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉)
Use 9.81 kN/m^3 for unit weight of water
𝑑𝐹 = 9.81 𝑑𝑉
From the figure, radius of the differential volume, r, can be solved in terms of x using Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 − (3 − 𝑥)2
𝑟 2 = 9 − (3 − 𝑥)2
But we know that
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋(9 − (3 − 𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥

From the work equation, distance will be 3-x since it is drained at the top of the hemispherical tank:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝐹 (3 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝐹 = 9.81 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑊 = 9.81(3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑊 = 9.81(3 − 𝑥) 𝜋(9 − (3 − 𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥

The limits of integral will be from 0 to 1.958m since the tank is only half full.
1.958
𝑊 = 9.81𝜋 ∫ (3 − 𝑥)(9 − (3 − 𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥
0
𝑊 = 𝟒𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑱