UNIT-1

1. Find the current through the resistors using mesh method for the
network shown in Fig.

Solution
Let us first draw the loop currents in the network of Fig. The loop currents
are shown by dotted arrows. It may be noted that due to presence of current
source of 3 A, the corresponding loop current I3 is 3 A.

In the loop containing 12 V source, we have

−12 + (𝐼1 + 3)5 + (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 )2 = 0
7𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 + 3 = 0.
or
Applying mesh analysis in the loop containing 6 V source, we get

𝐼2 1 + (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 )2 + (𝐼2 + 3)6 + 6 = 0

9
𝐼1 = ⋅ 𝐼2 + 12.
2
Substituting the value of 𝐼1 from equation (ii) in (i), we get
or

9
7 ( 𝐼2 + 12) − 2𝐼2 + 3 = 0
2
𝐼2 = −2.95 A

Thus from equation (ii), we get

9
𝐼1 = × (−2.95) + 12 = −1.275 A
2

We now can find currents in respective resistors:

Current through 5Ω resistor (= 𝐼1 + 𝐼3 ) = −1.275 + 3 = 1.725 A.
[It may be noted that the current obtained through the 5Ω resistor is
directed from 𝑎 to b].
Current through the 6Ω resistor (= 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 ) = −2.95 + 3 = 0.05 A.
[This current is directed from 𝑏 to 𝑐 ].
Current through the 2Ω resistor (= 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) = −1.275 + 2.95 = 1.675 A.
[The current through the 2Ω resistor is directed from 𝑏 to 𝑑 ].
Finally, the current through the 1Ω resistor (𝐼2 ) is (−2.95𝐴) and is directed
from 𝑑 to 𝑐.

2. Determine the current in the 8Ω branch in the circuit using mesh

analysis.

Solution
Marking the loop currents and directions,
3. Find the node voltages (Vx) and (Vy) using nodal analysis in Fig.
4. For the circuit shown in Fig. determine the voltages at nodes B and
C and calculate the current through the 8 Ω resistor. Use nodal
analysis.
5. Derive the expression for RMS value and average value of voltage
of a sine wave.

The equation of sinusoidal alternating current is given as,

𝑖 = 𝐼max sin 𝜃
The mean of squares of the instantaneous values of current over half
cycle is
𝜋
𝑖 2 𝑑𝜃
𝐼2 = ∫    
0 (𝜋 − 0)

2
1 𝜋 2 1 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫    𝑖 𝑑𝜃 = ∫    (𝐼max sin 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝐼 2 max  𝜋 1 − cos 2𝜃
= ∫    𝐼 2 max sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫    ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2
2
𝐼max 𝜋 2
𝐼max sin 2𝜃 𝜋
= ∫    (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = |𝜃 − |
2𝜋 0 2𝜋 2 0
2
𝐼max 𝐼 2 max 𝐼 2 max 𝐼max
= ×𝜋 = or 𝐼 = √ =
2𝜋 2 2 √2
𝐼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝐈max .
 or
Note. While solving problems, the values of given current and voltage
should always be taken as the r.m.s. values, unless indicated otherwise.

The value of instantaneous current is given by

𝑖 = 𝐼max sin 𝜃

Refer to Fig. The value of instantaneous current is given by,

𝑖 = 𝐼max sin 𝜃 [𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡]

𝜋
1
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = ∫    𝑖𝑑𝜃
(𝜋 − 0) 0

Limits are taken from 0 to 𝜋, since

only first half cycle is considered.
[ ]
For whole cycle, the average value
of sine wave is zero.

Note. In case of unsymmetrical alternating current viz. half-wave

rectified current the average value must always be taken over the whole
cycle

6. Derive the expression for RMS value and average value of current
of an Half rectified sine wave.

Thus, the RMS value for a half-wave-rectified current, is calculated as,

RMS value
 1 𝜋 2 2 12𝑚 𝜋
𝐼 = √ ∫    𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = √ ∫    (𝐼 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0 4𝜋 0
[ since 2sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃]
2
𝐼𝑚 sin 2𝜃 𝜋
=√ [𝜃 − ]
4𝜋 2 0

2
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚
=√ ×𝜋 =
4𝜋 2

𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚
Thus, the RMS value of a full sine wave is and for a half wave, . Average
√2 2
value of current for half sine wave is

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = ∫    id𝜃 = ∫    𝐼 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0 2𝜋 0 𝑚
𝐼𝑚
= [−cos 𝜃]𝜋0
2𝜋
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚
= ×2 =
2𝜋 𝜋

Average value

Note that for a complete sine wave, the average value was calculated as

1 𝜋 2Im
Iav = ∫   id𝜃 =
𝜋 0 𝜋

and for a half-rectified sine wave, the average value has been calculated as

1 𝜋 Im
Iav = ∫   id𝜃 = .
2𝜋 0 𝜋

Obviously, we note that for a half-rectified wave, the average value is half of
that of a full sine wave.

Form factor for a half sine wave quantity is

RMS value Im 𝜋
Kf = = ×
Average value 2 Im
𝜋 3.14
= = = 1.57
2 2

7. A resistance 12 Ω, an inductance of 0.15 H and a capacitance of

100 µF are connected in series across a 100 V, 50 Hz supply.

Calculate:
 (i) The current.
(ii) The phase difference between current and the supply voltage.
(iii) Power consumed. Draw the vector diagram of supply voltage and the
line current.

Solution.

Given :

𝑅 = 12Ω, 𝐿 = 0.15H or 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

= 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.15 = 47.1Ω
𝐶 = 100𝜇𝐹 = 100 × 10−6 F
1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = = 31.8Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 × 50 × 100 × 10−6

(i) The current, I :

𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
= √122 + (47.1 − 31.8)2 = 19.43Ω
𝑉 100
𝐼 = = = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 A. (Ans.)
𝑍 19.43

(ii) Phase difference, 𝜙 :

𝑅 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝜙 = cos −1 [ or tan−1 ]
𝑍 𝑅
12 15.3
= cos −1 [ or tan−1 ] = 52∘ ( lag )
19.43 12.0

Hence current lags supply voltage by 52∘ . (Ans.)

(iii) Power consumed, P:

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼cos 𝜙
= 100 × 5.15 × cos 52∘ = 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟏 W. ( Ans.)