Gas dynamics

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
PERFECT GAS : A perfect gas is defined as a fluid that has
constant specific heats and follows the law:

P = ρ𝑅𝑇→ (1)

Where P & T are the absolute pressure and temperature.

ρ is the density and R is the gas constant.

→𝐶𝑉: is the amount of internal-energy increase required by a unit

mass of gas to increase it's temp by one degree when it's volume
is held constant in general specific heat (𝐶𝑉)is defined by:

∂𝑢
𝐶𝑉=( ∂𝑇 ) →(2)
𝑉

Where u is the internal energy per unit mass and it is a function

only of temp. For a perfect gas (proved in the dynamic theory)

𝐶𝑃: is the a mount of enthalpy increase required by a unit mass of gas to

increase it's temp. By one degree when it's pressure is held constant ie,
The specific heat (𝐶𝑃) is defined by:

∂ℎ
𝐶𝑃=( ∂𝑇 ) →(3)
𝑃

Where h is the enthalpy per unit mass.

𝑝
h=u+ ℎ

𝑃
But u=f(T) , ρ
= 𝑅𝑇= f(T) → From equation (1)

∴h=f(T) (for a perfect gas)

h=u+RT →(4)
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑑𝑇
+R
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅→(5)

𝐶
K= 𝐶𝑃 …(6)
𝑉

Where K is the specific heat ratio.

From equ (5)&(6):

𝑘 1
𝐶𝑃= 𝑘−1
𝑅 , 𝐶𝑉= 𝑘−1
𝑅

SPEED OF A SOUND WAVE:

The speed of a small disturbance in a conduit can be determine by
application of the continuity and momentum equations:

1-Continuity equation:

ρ𝐴𝑉 = (ρ + 𝑑ρ)𝐴(𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉)

ρ𝑉 = ρ𝑉 + ρ𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑ρ + 𝑑ρ𝑑𝑉

ρ𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑ρ = 0 →(1)

2-Momentum equation (Newton second law):

𝑀˙𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑀˙𝑖𝑛 = ∑𝐹𝑥

𝑥 𝑥

[𝑀˙(𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉) + (𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃)𝐴] − [𝑀˙𝑉 + 𝑃𝐴] = 0

𝑀˙ = ρ𝐴𝑉
2 2
∴ρ𝐴𝑉 + ρ𝐴𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑑𝑃𝐴 − ρ𝐴𝑉 − 𝑃𝐴 = 0

∴𝑑𝑃 =− ρ𝐴𝑉 →(2)

from equ (1)

ρ𝑑𝑉 =− 𝑉𝑑ρ

Sub.in equ (2)

𝑑𝑃 =− 𝑉(− 𝑉𝑑ρ)
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑑𝑃 = 𝑉 𝑑ρ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑃𝑑‬
‫= 𝑉‬ ‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫)‪→(3‬‬

‫𝑃𝑑‬
‫=𝐶‬ ‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫)‪→(4‬‬

‫‪C:speed of sound‬‬

‫التغير في الضغط و درجة الحرارة للوسط يكون طفيف جداً جداً عند مرور الموجة الصوتية فيه‬
‫‪ ISENTROPIC‬لذلك ممكن التعامل مع مرور الموجة الصوتية في الوسط على انها عملية‬
‫)معزول و خالية من الخسائر و رجوعية(‬
‫𝐾‪−‬‬
‫‪Pρ‬‬ ‫‪= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡→𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐.‬‬
‫𝐾‪−‬‬
‫‪P=constant . ρ‬‬
‫𝑃𝑑‬ ‫‪𝐾−1‬‬
‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫‪= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 * K ρ‬‬

‫𝑃𝑑‬ ‫𝑃‬ ‫‪𝐾−1‬‬

‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝐾‬ ‫‪* 𝐾ρ‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬

‫𝑃𝑑‬ ‫𝑃‬
‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫𝐾=‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬

‫𝑇𝑅‪P=ρ‬‬
‫𝑃‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫𝑇𝑅 =‬

‫𝑃𝑑‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪𝑑ρ‬‬
‫𝑇𝑅𝐾 =‬

‫𝑇𝑅𝐾 = 𝐶∴ → سرعة الصوت في الغاز المثالي‬

‫‪Mach Number:‬‬
‫𝑉‬
‫=‪M‬‬ ‫𝑐‬

‫𝑤𝑜𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠→‪M=1‬‬

‫𝑤𝑜𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑠→‪M> 1‬‬

M< 1→𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

M≥0. 3 𝑜𝑟 0. 4 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

 Applying Eular equation to the isentropic flow:
𝑑𝑃
Vdv+ ρ
= 0 (Euler equation)

𝑃
ρ𝐾
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (isentropic flow)

𝑑𝑃 𝐾−1
𝑑ρ
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 * 𝐾ρ

𝑘−1
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 * 𝐾ρ 𝑑ρ

Sub in Euler equa.

𝐾−1
ρ
V𝑑𝑉 + 𝐾 * 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 ρ
𝑑ρ = 0

𝐾−2
∫[𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 ρ 𝑑𝑃 = 0]

2
𝑉 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝐾−1
2
+ 𝐾−1
ρ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

2
𝑉 𝐾 𝑃 𝐾−1
2
+ 𝐾−1 ρ𝐾
ρ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

2
𝑉 𝐾 𝑃
2
+ 𝐾−1 ρ
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.

P=ρ𝑅𝑇 (state equa.)

𝑃
ρ
= 𝑅𝑇
2
𝑉 𝐾
2
+ 𝐾−1
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2
𝑉
2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

‫ الطاقة الحرارية= كمية ثابتة‬+‫ (الطاقة الحركية‬:‫)هذا يعني ان‬

i.e.
 2 2 2
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇1 = 2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇2 = 2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇3 = 0

𝑉𝑜 = 0 (Always)

2
𝑉1
∴0 + 𝐶𝑃𝑇0 = 2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇1

(𝐶 𝑇 )
2
𝑉
𝑃 0
= 2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇 ÷ 𝐶𝑃𝑇

𝑇0 𝑉
2

𝑇
= 2𝐶𝑃𝑇
+1

𝑉
M= 𝐶 , C= 𝑘𝑅𝑇

V=M 𝐾𝑅𝑇
𝑇0 2
𝑀 𝐾𝑅𝑇
𝑇
= 𝐾𝑅 +1
2 𝐾−1 𝑇

𝑇0 𝐾−1 2
∴ 𝑇
=1+ 2
𝑀 → general equation for both adiabatic and
isentropic flows.
𝐾−1
𝐾−1
𝑇2
( )
𝑃2 𝑇2
( )
ρ2
𝑘

𝑇1
= 𝑃1
and 𝑇1
= ρ1
→ Isentropic Relations

𝐾−1
𝐾−1

( ) 𝑃2
( ) ρ2
𝐾
∴ 𝑃1
= ρ1

𝐾
∴
𝑃2
𝑃1
= ( )
ρ2
ρ1

For stagnation conditions,

1) From first relation:

𝐾−1
𝑇0
( )
𝑃0 𝐾

𝑇
= 𝑃
 𝑘
𝑃0 𝐾−1 2 𝐾−1
∴ = ⎡1 + 𝑀⎤
𝑃 ⎣ 2 ⎦
2) From second relation:

ρ0 𝐾−1
𝑇0
𝑇
= ( ) ρ
1
ρ0 𝐾−1 2 𝐾−1
= ⎡1 + 𝑀⎤
ρ ⎣ 2 ⎦
Flow through variable aria duct :
∂
∂𝐴∂ρ∂𝑉 [ρ𝐴𝑉 = 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇. = 𝑚˙]
[ρ𝐴𝑑𝑉 + ρ𝑉𝑑𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉𝑑ρ = 0]÷ρ𝐴𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴 𝑑ρ
𝑉
+ 𝐴
+ ρ
= 0→(1)

𝑑𝑃
𝑉𝑑𝑉 + ρ
= 0 (EULER EQUA.)

2 𝑑𝑃 2
𝐶 = 𝑑ρ
→ 𝑑𝑃 = 𝐶 𝑑ρ , 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎.

2
𝐶 𝑑ρ
𝑉𝑑𝑉 + ρ
=0

−𝑉𝑑𝑉
𝑑ρ = 2 ρ (𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎. (1))
𝐶

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴 𝑉𝑑𝑉
𝑉
+ 𝐴
− 2 ρ=0
𝐶ρ

𝑑𝑉 𝑉
2 𝑑𝐴
𝑉
(1 − 2 )+ 𝐴
=0
𝐶

𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑉 (1 −𝑀 ) + 𝐴
=0

𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑉
=
𝐴
𝑉 (𝑀2 − 1) → ‫معادلة مهمة‬
 𝑑𝐴
1) M< 1 → 𝑑𝑉
=− 𝑉𝑒

𝑑𝐴
2) M> 1 → 𝑑𝑉
=+ 𝑉𝑒

𝑑𝐴
3) M= 1 → 𝑑𝑉
=0

Chocking:
Occurs at throat section.

*M=1

* 𝑚˙ = 𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 (max mass flow rate)

* * *
* T→𝑇 , P→𝑃 , ρ → ρ (For critical area)

‫هناك مساحة حرجة لكل جريان قد تكون فعلية او افتراضية‬

*
Critical area (𝐴 )
* * *
ρ𝐴𝑉 = ρ 𝐴 𝑉
* *
𝐴 ρ 𝑉
* = ρ
. 𝑉
→ (1)
𝐴
𝑉
𝑀= 𝐶

* * *
𝑉 = 𝐶 (𝑎𝑡 𝐴 )
* *
∴𝑉 = 𝐾𝑅𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑀 𝐾𝑅𝑇
1

( )
* * 2
𝑉 1 𝑇
∴ 𝑉
= 𝑀 𝑇
𝑇𝑜 𝐾−1 𝐾+1
* =1+ 2
= 2
𝑇
*
𝑇 2
𝑇0
= 𝐾+1

𝑇
*
𝑇
* 𝑇0
𝑇
= 𝑇0 𝑇
*
𝑇
𝑇
=
2
𝐾+1 (1 + 𝐾−1
2
𝑀
2
)
 1
*
∴
𝑉
𝑉
=
1
𝑀 { (1 +
2
𝐾+1
𝐾−1
2
𝑀
2
)} 2
→ (2)
ρ
*
ρ
* ρ0
∴ ρ
= ρ0 ρ
1
ρ0
ρ ( 𝑀)
= 1+
𝐾−1
2
2 𝐾−1

1
ρ0
=( ) 𝐾+1 𝐾−1
* 2
ρ
1
*
=( )
ρ 2 𝐾−1

ρ0 𝐾+1
1 1
*
∴ =(
ρ
ρ ) * (1 + 2
𝐾+1
𝐾−1 𝐾−1
2
𝑀
2
) 𝐾−1

1
2 𝐾−1
= ⎡⎢( ) 𝑀 ⎤⎥
2 𝐾−1
(1 + 𝐾+1 2
→ (3)
⎣ ⎦
Sub equa. (2) & (3) in equa. (1)
1
1
2 𝐾−1
𝐴
𝐴
* =
1
𝑀
⎡
⎢
⎣
( 2
𝐾+1 )(1 + 𝐾−1
2
𝑀 ⎤⎥
⎦
{ (1 +
2
𝐾+1
𝐾−1
2
2
𝑀 )} 2

𝐾+1
𝐴
𝐴
* =
1
𝑀
⎡
⎣ ( 2
𝐾+1 ) (1 + 𝐾−1
2
𝑀 ⎤
⎦
2
) 2(𝐾−1)

𝐾+1
𝐴
𝐴
* =
1
𝑀
⎡
⎣ ( 2
𝐾+1 )+ ( 𝐾−1
𝐾+1
𝑀 ⎤
⎦
2
) 2(𝐾−1)

𝐾+1
2 2(𝐾−1)
𝐴 1 ⎡ 2+(𝐾−1)𝑀 ⎤
* = 𝑀 ⎢ 𝐾+1 ⎥
𝐴 ⎣ ⎦

NOTES:
𝐴 𝐴
* * is never less than unity ( * ≥1).
𝐴 𝐴

𝐴
*for any value of * greater than 1 there will be two values
𝐴
of Mach number , one less than and one greater than unity
.
Table 𝐶3: one-dimensional isentropic relation (for perfect
gas K=1.4)
𝐴 𝑃 ρ 𝑇 𝐴
M, * , 𝑜 , 𝑜 , 𝑜 , * = 1→𝑀 = 1
𝐴 𝑃 ρ 𝑇 𝐴

Maximum mass flow rate:

𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρ 𝑉 𝐴
* * *

1
*
ρ
ρ0
= ( 2
𝐾+1 ) 𝐾−1

1
*
ρ =
2
ρ0 𝐾+1 ( ) 𝐾−1

𝑃0
ρ0 = 𝑅𝑇0
1
𝑃0
∴ρ =
*
𝑅𝑇0 ( 2
𝐾+1 ) 𝐾−1

* * *
𝑉 =𝐶 = 𝐾𝑅𝑇
* 2𝑇0
𝑇 = 𝐾+1
1
*
∴𝑉 = 𝐾𝑅 * ( ) 2
𝐾+1
2
𝑇0
1 1
𝑃0
∴𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑇0 ( ) 2
𝐾+1
𝐾−1
* 𝐾𝑅 ( 2
𝐾+1 ) 2 *
𝑇0 𝐴

* 𝐾+1
𝐴 𝑃0
𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇0
*
𝐾
𝑅
* ( 2
𝐾+1 ) 2(𝐾−1)

* 𝐾+1
𝐴 𝑃0
𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑘 2
*for
𝑘−1
* 𝑅
( 𝐾+1
) → general equation.
𝑇0

K=1.4:
*
𝐴 𝑃0
1) 𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0. 686
𝑅𝑇0
 3

( )
2
𝐴 1 5+𝑀
2) * = 𝑀 6
𝐴
* * *
𝑇 𝑃 ρ
3) 𝑇0
= 0. 833 , 4) 𝑃0
= 0. 528 , 5) ρ𝑂
= 𝑜. 634

6) 𝐶 = 𝐾𝑅𝑇 = 1. 4 * 287 * 𝑇 = 20. 03 𝑇

EX (1) : Air is flowing in nozzle from big storage tank of ;P=1000KPa

,T=1000K ,the Mach number at exit is 2 , what is the max velocity. Also
find P,T,V at exit of the nozzle?
Sol:
From isentropic tube:
𝑃 𝑇
At M=2 → 𝑃𝑜
= 0. 1278 , 𝑇𝑜
= 0. 55556
𝑃𝑒
1000
= 0. 1278 → 𝑃𝑒 = 127. 8 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝑇𝑒
1000
= 0. 55556 → 𝑇𝑒 = 555. 56K
2
(𝑉 )
𝐶𝑃𝑇𝑜 = 2
𝑥
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇𝑥

‫واكبر سرعة ممكن الحصول عليها عندما تتحول تلك‬ ‫الطاقة في الخزان هي طاقة حرارية‬
‫الطاقة إلى طاقة حركية بالكامل‬.
2
(𝑉𝑥)
∴𝐶𝑃𝑇𝑜 = 2
+0

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐶𝑃𝑇𝑜

2𝑘𝑅𝑇𝑜
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘−1

2*1.4*287*1000
= 1.4−1
= 1416. 65 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉
𝑀= 𝐶
→ 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑀𝑒𝐶

=2* 𝑘𝑅𝑇𝑜 = 2 * 20. 03 𝑇𝑒 = 944. 23𝑚/𝑠

* Calculation of 𝑇𝑒 and 𝑃𝑒 by equations:
𝑇𝑜 𝑘−1 2
𝑇
=1+ 2
𝑀

1000 1.4−1 2 1000

𝑇𝑒
=1+ 2
2 = 1. 8 → 𝑇𝑒 = 1.8
= 555. 56 𝐾

𝑘
𝑃𝑜 𝑘−1 2 𝑘−1

𝑃
= [1 + 2
𝑀]
1.4
1000 1.4−1 2 1.4−1

𝑃𝑒
= [1 + 2
2]

1000 3.5 1000

𝑃𝑒
= (1. 8) → 𝑃𝑒 = 3.5 = 127. 8𝐾𝑝𝑎
(1.8)

EX(2) : Air is flowing in nozzle shown in figure, find :

*
1)𝑃𝑡ℎ, 𝑇𝑡ℎ, 𝐴

2)𝑀𝑒, 𝑃𝑒, 𝑇𝑒, 𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥

Sol:
From isentropic tube:
𝑃𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑡ℎ
1) 𝑀𝑡ℎ = 0. 8 → 𝑃𝑜
= 0. 65602 , 𝑇𝑜
= 0. 88652, * = 1. 0382
𝐴

𝑃𝑡ℎ
∴ 300
= 0. 65602 → 𝑃𝑡ℎ = 196. 806 𝐾𝑝𝑎

𝑇𝑡ℎ
500
= 0. 88652 → 𝑇𝑡ℎ = 443. 26 𝐾

5 * 5 2
* = 1. 0382 → 𝐴 = 1.0382
= 4. 816 𝑐𝑚
𝐴
 𝐴𝑒 10
2) * = 4.816
= 2. 076 → 𝑀𝑒 = 2. 24 , 0. 293
𝐴
∴𝑀𝑡ℎ < 1

∴𝑀𝑒 = 0. 293

From isentropic flow tube:

𝑃𝑒 𝑇𝑒
𝑀𝑒 = 0. 293 → 𝑃𝑜
= …, 𝑇𝑜
=…

* 𝑘+1
𝐴 𝑃𝑜
𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑘 2 𝑘−1

𝑅
( 𝑘+1
) =…
𝑇𝑜

Notes:

*It's impossible to obtain a supersonic flow from a

subsonic flow in converging nozzle.

*The supersonic flow can be obtained from a subsonic

flow by the mean of converging-diverging nozzle.

Converging Nozzle:
There is two cases:
*
1)IF 𝑃𝑎 > 𝑃 → Un chocked nozzle.
𝐾
𝑃0
∴𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎 → 𝑃𝑒
= 1+ ( 𝐾−1
2
𝑀 )
2 𝐾−1

*
2)IF 𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑃 → chocked nozzle.

𝐾
𝑃0
∴𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃 →
*
𝑃𝑒
= ( 𝐾+1
2
𝑀
2
) 𝐾−1
 *
𝑃 : critical pressure.
𝑃𝑎: Atmospheric pressure.

𝑃
: Exit pressure or (outlet pressure).
𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠:
* 𝐾+1
𝐴 𝑃0
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚 ˙ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝑇0
*
𝑘
𝑅 ( 2
𝐾+1 ) 𝑘−1 ˙ is a
shows that the 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥

function only of the reservoir conditions and throat area and cannot be
affected by reducing the outlet pressure (𝑃𝑒).
2
EX:A converging nozzle has a throat area of 6c𝑚 & stagnation air
condition of 120kpa ,400K .Find the exit pr.,mass flow rate it the
atmospheric pr. Is :
a)90 kpa , b)45 kpa . (for k=1.4 , R=287)

sol:
𝑘
𝑃𝑜 𝑘+1 𝑘−1
* =( 2
)
𝑃

120 1.4+1 3.5

* =( 2
)
𝑃

* 120
∴𝑃 = 3.5 = 63. 4𝐾𝑝𝑎
(1.2)

*
a) 𝑃𝑎 = 90𝐾𝑝𝑎 → 𝑃𝑎 > 𝑃

∴ the nozzle is un chocked

∴𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎 = 90 𝐾𝑝𝑎

𝑚˙ = ρ𝑒𝐴𝑒𝑉𝑒

𝑘
𝑃𝑜 𝑘−1 2 𝑘−1

𝑃𝑒
= (1 + 2
𝑀)
 ( )
𝑘−1
2 𝑃𝑜 𝑘
2
𝑀𝑒 = [ 𝑃𝑒
) −1 ]* 𝑘−1

( )
0.4
⎡ 120 1.4 ⎤
=⎢ 90
) − 1 ⎥* 5
⎣ ⎦
∴𝑀𝑒 = 0. 654

𝑇𝑜 𝑘−1 2
𝑇𝑒
=1+ 2
𝑀𝑒

400 2
𝑇𝑒
= 1 + 0. 2(0. 654) → ∴𝑇𝑒 = 368. 479 𝐾

𝑃𝑒 90*10
3
3
ρ𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇𝑒
= 287*368.4
= 0. 851 𝐾𝑔/𝑚

𝑉𝑒 = 𝑀𝑒 * 𝐶𝑒

=0. 654 * 20. 03 * 368. 4 = 251. 6 𝑚/𝑠

∴𝑚˙ = 0. 851 * 6 * 10 * 251. 6 = 0. 1285 𝐾𝑔/𝑠

−4

*
𝑏) 𝑃𝑎 = 45 𝐾𝑝𝑎 → 𝑃𝑎 < 𝑃

∴ the nozzle is chocked

*
∴𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃 = 63. 4𝐾𝑝𝑎

*
𝐴 𝑃𝑜
∴𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0. 686
𝑅 𝑇𝑜

−4 3
6*10 *120*10
= 0. 686 *
287*400

= 0. 146 𝐾𝑔/𝑠

CONVERGING – DIVERGING NOZZLE:

When the mass flow rate is a maximum, the flow downstream of
the Throat can be either supersonic or subsonic depending on the
downstream pressure.

‫ تحديد النوزل مختنق ام ال من خالل معطيات السؤال‬.

EX: The reservoir conditions of the air entering the converging –

diverging nozzle are :𝑃0=1 bar 𝑇0=300K.The mass flow rate is
1kg/s
Mach number at exit is 3.0 determine :
1)Throat area
2)Exit area
3)Air conditions at exit (𝑇𝑒𝑃𝑒ρ𝑒)

( take K=1.4 , R=287 J\kg.k . cp=1005 J/kg.k

Sol:

Since the flow at exit is supersonic, thus, the nozzle is chocking:

*
∴𝐴𝑡ℎ = 𝐴

∴𝑚˙ = 𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 𝐾𝑔/𝑠

m.
max =0.686 * (A*Po / 𝑅 𝑇𝑜)

1=0.686 (A* × 100000)/ 287×300

A*=42.77 cm2 = Ath

𝑘+1
2 2(𝑘−1)
𝐴 1 2+(𝑘−1)𝑀
* = 𝑀
[ 𝑘+1
]
𝐴

1.4+1
𝐴𝑒 1 2+(1.4−1)*3
2 2(1.4−1) 2
42.77
= 3
[ 1.4+1
] → ∴𝐴𝑒 = 181 𝐶𝑚

To/Te=1+[(K-1)/2] ×Me2

300/Te=1+[(1.4-1)/2]×32
Te=107k

Po/Pe=(To/Te)k/k-1

105/ Pe =(300/107)3.5

Pe= 2.7 kpa

𝑃𝑒 2700 3
ρ𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇𝑒
= 287*107
= 0. 088 𝐾𝑔/𝑚

Ex: At section up stream of the throat of a converging-diverging nozzle,

the properties are: V=200 m/s , T=300K and P=125 Kpa. If the exit flow is
supersonic, determine the area of this section, stagnation conditions and
2
mass flow rate. Knowing that the throat area is 35 𝐶𝑚 .

Sol:
Since the flow at exit is supersonic, thus, the nozzle is chocking.
Ath=A*=35cm2
𝑘+1
2 2(𝑘−1)
𝐴1 1 2+(𝑘−1)𝑀1
* = 𝑀1
[ 𝑘+1
]
𝐴

M1=V1/C1=V1/ 𝐾𝑅𝑇

=200/ 1. 4 * 287 * 300=0.57

2
A1/35=1/0.57[2+(1.4-1)(0. 576) /1.4+1]2.4/0.8

A1=42.639 cm2
𝑘
𝑃𝑜 𝑘−1 2 𝑘−1

𝑃1
= [1 + 2
𝑀]

𝑃𝑜 2 3.5
125
= [1 + 0. 2 * 0. 576 ] → ∴𝑃𝑜 = 156. 525 𝐾𝑝𝑎

𝑇𝑜 𝑘−1 2
𝑇1
=1+ 2
𝑀

𝑇𝑜 2
300
= 1 + 0. 2 * 0. 576 → ∴𝑇𝑜 = 319. 91 𝐾
 *
𝐴 𝑃𝑜
𝑚˙ = 𝑚˙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0. 686
𝑅𝑇𝑜

−4 3
35*10 *156.525*10
= 0. 686 * = 1. 24 𝐾𝑔/𝑠
287*319.91

H.W: flows isentropically through a variable area duct with 𝑇𝑜 = 30 ℃.

2
At two sections with identical areas of 25 𝐶𝑚 , the pressures are:
𝑃1 = 120 𝐾𝑝𝑎 , 𝑃2 = 60 𝐾𝑝𝑎 . determine:

1) The mass flow rate.

2) The throat area.

3) 𝑀2.

2
Answers: 1) 0.67 Kg/s 2) 23.3 𝐶𝑚 3) 1.32

SHOCK WAVE:
The exit pressure ,𝑃𝑒,of the fluid issuing from the
nozzle will not necessarily be the same as the back
pressure of the fluid in to which the nozzle is
discharging .
-If the exit pressure , 𝑃𝑒, is higher than the back
pressure ,𝑃1,

The nozzle is under –expanded , since the flow

could have expanded further , and ,therefore ,
expansion waves form at the nozzle exit.
‫‪-If the exit pressure ,𝑃𝑒,is less than the back‬‬
‫‪pressure ,𝑃𝑏,shock wave occur and the nozzle is‬‬
‫‪said to be over-expanded if the difference is small ,‬‬
‫‪oblique shock wave from at exit but for larger‬‬
‫‪differences, a normal shock wave will from in the‬‬
‫‪nozzle.‬‬
‫تعرف الموجة الصدمية ‪ :‬بأنها تغيرات مفاجئة ال رجوعية‬
‫في خواص المائع و التي تحدث في الجريان فوق ))‪irreversible‬‬
‫‪ .‬الصوتي فقط‬

‫الموجة الصدمية تكون مصحوبة دائما بزيادة مفاجئة في الضغط و‬

‫انخفاض مفاجئ في السرعة خالل منطقة قليلة السمك تقدر بحدود‬
‫‪−6‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫𝑚 ‪ 1 * 10‬مايكرون واحد‬ ‫)‬
‫‪𝑃2 > 𝑃1‬‬

‫‪𝑉2 < 𝑉1‬‬

‫‪ρ2 > ρ1‬‬
‫‪𝑇2 > 𝑇1‬‬
‫‪𝑃02 < 𝑃01‬‬

‫𝑡𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑐 = ˙𝑚‬
‫‪𝐴2 = 𝐴1‬‬
‫)اي ان الطاقة ثابتة قبل الموجة (‪ )1‬وبعدها (‪𝑇𝑜,2 = 𝑇𝑜,1 (2‬‬
‫) ويعبر عن الطاقة بدرجة الحرارة‬ ‫‪𝑇°‬‬
𝑚˙ = ρ𝐴𝑉
ρ1𝐴1𝑉1 = ρ2𝐴2𝑉2
ρ1𝑉1 = ρ2𝑉2 …(1) continuity equa.
2 2
𝑉1 𝑉2
2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇1= 2
+ 𝐶𝑃𝑇2 …(2) Energy equa.

𝑚˙𝑉2 + 𝐴2𝑃2 − 𝑚˙𝑉1 + 𝐴1𝑃1 = 0 ( )

(ρ2𝐴2𝑉2)𝑉2 + 𝐴2𝑃2 − (ρ1𝐴1𝑉1)𝑉1 − 𝐴1𝑃1 = 0
2 2
𝑃1 + ρ1𝑉1 = 𝑃2 + ρ2𝑉2 …(3) Momentum equa.
Form the three equa. Above , we obtain;
𝑃2
=
1
⎡⎢2𝐾𝑀 2 − (𝑘 − 1)⎤⎥
𝑃1 𝑘+1 ⎣ 1 ⎦
2
𝑃2 1+𝐾𝑀1
𝑝1
= 2
1+𝑘𝑀2
𝑃02 𝑃02 𝑃2 𝑃1
𝑃01
= 𝑃2
. 𝑃1
. 𝑃01
𝑘
2 𝑘−1 1
− 𝐾−1
𝑃02 ⎡ (𝐾+1)𝑀1 ⎤ ⎡⎢1 + 2𝑘 2
=⎢ ⎥ (𝑀1 − 1)⎤⎥
𝑃01 ⎢ (𝐾−1)𝑀12+2 ⎥ ⎣ 𝐾+1 ⎦
⎣ ⎦
𝑇2
=
1
2 2
⎡⎢2𝐾𝑀 2 − (𝐾 − 1)⎤⎥⎡⎢2 + (𝐾 − 1)𝑀 2⎤⎥
𝑇1 (𝐾+1) 𝑀1 ⎣ 1 ⎦⎣ 1 ⎦
2
2 (𝐾−1)𝑀1 +2
𝑀2 = 2
2𝐾𝑀1 −(𝐾−1)

EX:A shock wave occures in air flow with Mach

number equal to 2 ,a pressure of 20 kpa and
temp. of 288K . find 𝑃2, 𝑀2, 𝑃02, 𝑇2, 𝑇02 and 𝑉2 ?
Sol:
𝑝2
=
1
⎡⎢2𝐾𝑀2 − (𝐾 − 1)⎤⎥
𝑝1 𝑘+1 ⎣ 1 ⎦
𝑝2 2
20
=
1
1.4+1 [2×1. 4×2 − (1. 4 − 1) ]
𝑝2 = 90𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑝2 ⎡⎢1+𝑘𝑀2⎤⎥
⎣ 1⎦
𝑝1
=
⎡⎢1+𝑘𝑀2⎤⎥
⎣ 2⎦
2
90 1+1.4×2
20
= 2 → 𝑀2 = 0. 577
1+1.4×𝑀2
𝑘
𝑝𝑜2
𝑝2
= 1+( 𝑘−1
2
2
𝑀2 ) 𝑘−1

𝑝𝑜2 2 3.5
90 (
= 1 + 0. 2×0. 577 ) → 𝑝𝑜2 = 112. 6𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑜2 𝑘−1
𝑇2
= 1+ 2
2𝑀2

𝑇𝑜2 = 𝑇𝑜1
𝑇𝑜1 𝑘−1 2
𝑇1
= 1+ 2
𝑀1
𝑇𝑜1 2
288
= 1 + 0. 2×2 → 𝑇𝑜 = 518𝐾 = 𝑇𝑜2
1

518 2
𝑇2
= 1 + 0. 2×0. 577 → 𝑇2 = 486. 144𝐾

𝑉2 = 𝑀2𝐶2 = 0. 577×20. 03 486. 144

𝑉2 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
Shock wave table:

" Table C.4 one-dimensional normal shock

relations"
𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑃02
𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃01

Solve the lost example using normal shock

wave tables
Sol;
𝑀1 = 2 𝑀2 = 0. 577
𝑝2 𝑝2
𝑝1
= 4. 5 = 20
4. 5 = 𝑝2 = 90𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑇1
= 1. 688 = 288
= 1. 688

→ 𝑇2 = 485. 144𝑘

𝑝𝑜2
𝑝𝑜1
= 0. 721

H.W :
1)Across the shock wave show that:
𝐾+1
* 2 2(𝐾−1)
𝐴2 𝑀2 ⎡ 2+(𝐾−1)𝑀1 ⎤
* = 𝑀
⎢ ⎥
𝐴1 ⎢ 2+(𝐾−1)𝑀
2
⎥
1
⎣ 2 ⎦

2)For flow of air through a shock wave the

upstream conditions are , 𝑉1 = 600𝑚/𝑠 ,
𝑇01 = 500𝐾 ,𝑃01 = 700𝐾𝑃𝑎 , compute the
downstream conditions , 𝑀2 , 𝑃2 , 𝑇2 , 𝑉2?
3) Air flow from a reservoir where 𝑃0 = 300𝐾𝑃𝑎
& 𝑇0 = 500𝐾
Through a throat to section (1) where there is a
*
shock wave . compute: 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃02 , 𝐴2 , 𝑃3 &𝑇3 ?

4)Show that :
1 2
𝑃𝑑 = 2
𝐾𝑀 𝑃𝑠 .

Jet propulsion
Duct engine Rock
et
Air-breathing engine engin
e

Ramjet Turbojet turbofan pulsejet Robe

Engine engine engine rt
engine
 ‫‪Godd‬‬
‫‪en‬‬
‫‪USA‬‬

‫اول ما استخدم نوزل‪+‬وقود صلب بارود لبنادق ملع ًنا بذلك والدة الصر‬
‫الحديث لصواريخ‬
‫واستخدم الوقود السائل ‪ 1921‬واطلق اول صاروخ بالوقود سائل سنة‬
‫‪1926‬‬
‫في نهاية الثالثينات‬
‫العالمان االلمانيان(فيرن فون بروان وهلمت والتر)استخدما صورايخ‬
‫بالوقود سائل في الطائرات العسكرية‬

‫‪Jet propulsion‬‬
‫‪-Rocket engine‬‬
‫‪ :‬تقسم المحركات الدفع النفاث الى قسمين‬
‫المحركات الصاروخية‬
‫المحركات التوربينية‬
‫‪:‬ثالث قوى تؤثر على الكنترول فوليوم ناتجة من‪-‬‬
‫𝑎𝑃 & 𝑒𝑃 ‪𝑃° ,‬‬

‫‪ .‬يهمل ‪ 𝑝°‬الكنترول فوليوم هو جسم صاروخ من الخارج لذلك فأن تاثير‪-‬‬

‫‪∑ 𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹𝑡ℎ‬‬

‫‪𝑚˙𝑉𝑒 + 𝑃𝑒𝐴𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎𝐴𝑒 = 𝐹𝑡ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑎𝑃 ‪𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚˙𝑉𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒(𝑃𝑒 −‬‬

‫𝑒𝐴‬
‫‪𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚˙⎡⎢𝑉𝑒 +‬‬ ‫⎥⎤)𝑎𝑃 ‪(𝑃𝑒 −‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫˙𝑚‬ ‫⎦‬
‫𝑓𝑒𝑉˙𝑚 = ‪𝐹𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫𝐴‬
‫⎥⎤)𝑎𝑃 ‪𝑉𝑒𝑓 = ⎡⎢𝑉𝑒 + ˙𝑒 (𝑃𝑒 −‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫𝑚‬ ‫⎦‬
‫‪𝐹𝑡ℎ: Thrust force.‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑒: 𝐺𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡.‬‬
‫𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓𝐸 ‪𝑉𝑒𝑓:‬‬
‫‪𝐴𝑒: Exit area.‬‬
‫‪𝑃𝑒: Exit Pressure.‬‬
‫‪𝑃𝑎: Atmosphere pressure.‬‬
‫‪ .‬الطاقة في غرفة احتراق الصاروخ هي طاقة حرارية فقط‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑒𝑉‬
‫‪𝐶𝑃𝑇0 = 𝑐𝑃𝑇𝑒 +‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫معادلة الطاقة بين غرفة االحتراق ومقطع‬
‫خروج‬ ‫لحساب 𝑒𝑉‬

‫= 𝑒𝑉‬ ‫)𝑒𝑇 ‪2𝐶𝑃(𝑇0 −‬‬

‫‪To obtain max. thrust :‬‬
‫‪∂𝐹𝑡ℎ‬‬
‫‪= 𝑚˙⎡⎢0 +‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⎥⎤)𝑎𝑃 ‪(𝑃𝑒 −‬‬
‫𝑒𝐴∂‬
‫⎣‬ ‫˙𝑚‬ ‫⎦‬
∂𝐹𝑡ℎ
∂𝐴𝑒
= 0

(
∴ 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎 = 0→𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎 )
(This case gives max. thrust)

-Propuision efficiency:
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
η𝑝𝑟 = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝑡ℎ*𝑉
=𝐹 *𝑉+𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑡ℎ

𝑚˙𝑉𝑒𝑓*𝑉
= 2
𝑚˙
𝑚˙𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑉+ 2 𝑉𝑒𝑓− 𝑉
𝑉
( 𝑒𝑓
)
=
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
=
( )
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
=
2( ) 𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
+
1
2
1−
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
1
+ *
2
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓
+
1
2 ( )
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓 ( )
1+
𝑉
𝑉𝑒𝑓

EX: The max. thrust generated from a rocket is 2.3*

5
10 N when it operates at an altitude where the
ambient pressure is 5.1 kpa. The combustion temp.
is 2200K . If the rocket uses 120 kg/s of gases ,
determine ;
1)The stagnation pr. Of the combustion chamber.
2)The exit & throat areas.
(Assume isentropic cchocke flow, K=1.333 ,
R=287J/kg.K & 𝐶𝑃=1147J/kg.K)
Sol:
 𝑘
𝑝𝑜
( ) 2 𝑘−1
= ⎡⎢1 + 𝑘−1 𝑀 ⎤⎥ ……. (1)
𝑝𝑒 ⎣ 2 𝑒⎦

𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝𝑎 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡)
𝑇°
𝑇𝑒
= 1+ ( )
𝑘−1
2
2
𝑀𝑒 ……. (2)
2
𝑉𝑒
𝐶𝑝𝑇° = 𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑒 + 2
…….. (3)
•
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚 𝑉𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 ( )
5 𝑚
2. 3×10 = 120𝑉𝑒 → 𝑉𝑒 = 1916. 67 𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢. (3)
2
1916.67
1. 47×2200 = 1147𝑇𝑒 + 2
→ 𝑇𝑒 = 598. 6𝐾
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢. (2)
2200 0.333 2
598.6
= 1+ 2
𝑀𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢. (1)
1.333
𝑝° 0.333 2 0.333
= ⎡1 + ×4 ⎤ → 𝑝𝑜 = 934. 14 𝐾𝑃𝑎
5.1 ⎣ 2 ⎦
•
𝑚
𝐴𝑒 = ρ𝑒𝑉𝑒

𝑝𝑒
ρ𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇𝑒
3
934.14×10 𝐾𝑔
ρ𝑒 = 287×598.6
= 0. 0296 3
𝑚
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (4)
120 2
𝐴𝑒 = 0.0296×1916.67
= 2. 11 𝑚
 𝑘+1
2 2(𝑘−1)
𝐴𝑒 1 ⎡ (𝑘−1)𝑀𝑒 ⎤
* = 𝑀𝑒 ⎢2 + 𝑘+1 ⎥
𝐴
⎣ ⎦
0.333
2
⎡ (2+0.333×4 ) ⎤
0.666
2.11 1
* = 4 ⎢ 2.333 ⎥
𝐴 ⎣ ⎦
* 2
𝐴 = 0. 152 𝑚 = 𝐴𝑡ℎ

Jet Propulsion :
Turbojet Engine

𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐹𝑖𝑛

(
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚˙ 𝑒𝑉𝑒 + 𝑃𝑒𝐴𝑒 − 𝑚˙ 𝑒𝑉 + 𝑃𝑒𝐴𝑒 ) ( )
• •
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑚 𝑉 + 𝐴𝑒 (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 )

𝑚˙ 𝑒 = 𝑚˙ + 𝑚˙ 𝑓
𝑚˙ 𝑓
F= ≅0. 02
𝑚˙

𝑚˙ 𝑒 = (1 + 𝐹)𝑚˙≅𝑚˙

𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚˙ 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎
( ) ( )
Where ;
𝑚˙ : 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒.
𝑒

𝑚˙ 𝑓: 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒.

𝑚˙: 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒.

𝑉𝑒: 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦.
𝑉: 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦.
𝐴𝑒: 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎.
𝑃𝑒: 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝑃𝑎: 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝐹: 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜.

1) Intake (a-1)
𝐾−1

( )
𝑇 𝑃01 𝐾
01
𝑇𝑎
= 𝑃𝑎

𝑇 −𝑇𝑎
01
η𝑖 = 𝑇01−𝑇𝑎

𝐾−1
⎡ ⎤
( ) 𝑃01 𝐾
𝑇𝑎⎢ −1⎥
⎢ 𝑃𝑎 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
∴η𝑖 = 𝑇01−𝑇𝑎

Where η𝑖: Isentropic intake efficiency .

 2) Compressor (1-2)
𝐾−1

( )
𝑇 𝑃02 𝐾
𝑜2
𝑇𝑜1
= 𝑃01

𝑇 −𝑇01
02
η𝑐 = 𝑇02−𝑇01

𝐾−1
⎡ ⎤
( ) 𝑃02 𝐾
𝑇01⎢ −1⎥
⎢ 𝑃01 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
η𝑐 = 𝑇02−𝑇01
,

Where η𝑐: Isentropic compressor efficiency .

𝑃02
𝑃01
: compressor pressure ratio.

3) Combustion chamber (2-3)

ℎ𝑓 * 𝑚˙ 𝑓 + 𝑚˙𝐶𝑃𝑎(𝑇02 − 298)

( )
= 𝑚˙ + 𝑚˙ 𝑓 𝐶𝑃𝑔 𝑇03 − 298 ( )
𝑚˙ 𝑓 = 𝐹 * 𝑚˙

ℎ𝑓 * 𝑓𝑚˙ 𝑓 + 𝑚˙𝐶𝑃𝑎 𝑇02 − 298 = 𝑚˙(1 + 𝐹)𝐶𝑃𝑔 𝑇03 − 298

( ) ( )
( )
𝐶𝑃𝑔 𝑇03−298 −𝐶𝑃𝑎(𝑇02−298)
𝐹𝑡 = ℎ𝑓−𝐶𝑃𝑔(𝑇03−298)
𝐹𝑡
η𝑏 = 𝐹𝑎

∆𝑃 = 𝑃02 − 𝑃03
𝑃03 = 𝑃02 − ∆𝑃
Where:
η𝑏: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 .
𝐹𝑡ℎ: 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 .
𝐹𝑎: 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 .
∆𝑃: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 .

4) Turbine (3-4)
𝐾−1

( )
𝑇 𝑃04 𝐾
04
𝑇03
= 𝑃03

𝑇04−𝑇03
η𝑡 = 𝑇 −𝑇03
04
𝑇04−𝑇03
η𝑡 = 𝐾−1
⎡ ⎤
( )
𝑃04 𝐾
𝑇03⎢ −1⎥
⎢ 𝑃03 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
, η𝑡: 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 .

5) Nozzle (4-e)
𝐾−1

( )
𝑇 𝑃𝑒 𝐾
𝑒
𝑇04
= 𝑃04
 𝑇𝑒−𝑇04
η𝑗 = 𝑇 −𝑇04
𝑒
𝑇𝑒−𝑇04
η𝑗 = 𝐾−1
⎡ ⎤
( ) 𝑃𝑒 𝐾
𝑇 ⎢ −1⎥
04⎢ 𝑃04 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
, η𝑗: 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦.

𝑚˙𝑐𝑃𝑎 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 = η𝑚𝑚˙𝑐𝑃𝑔(𝑇03 − 𝑇04)

( )
(
𝑐𝑃𝑎 𝑇02−𝑇01 )
η𝑚 = 𝑐𝑃𝑔(𝑇03−𝑇04)

η𝑚: 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 .

𝐹𝑡ℎ
𝐹𝑠 =
𝑚˙
𝐹𝑠: 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡.
𝑚˙𝑓
S.F.C= 𝐹
𝑡ℎ

S.F.C: Specific fuel consumption .

Turbojet engine:
EX: A turbojet engine is operating under the
following conditions; Ambient pressure and
temperature are 54kpa and 258K .
Flight Mach number = 0.8.
Air flow integring compressor = 10 kg/s .
Compressor pressure ration= 9.
turbine inlet temp.=1200K (Also known as max.
temp. in the engine) Isentropic efficiencies are ;
Intake=97% , Compressor=87% , Turbine =90%

Combustion pressure losses=3% of compressor

delivery.Determine the nozzle exit area and the
thrust developed ?
Sol:
𝑉
𝑀𝑎 =
𝐾𝑅𝑇𝑎

𝑉 = 0. 8×20. 03× 258 = 257. 575𝑚/𝑠

2
𝑉
η𝑖 2 + 𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑎 = 𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑜1
2
257×575
η𝑖 2
+ 1005×258 = 1005𝑇𝑜1
𝑇𝑜1 = 290𝐾

𝑘−1
⎡ ⎤
( ) 𝑝𝑜1 𝑘
𝑇𝑎⎢ −1⎥
⎢ 𝑝𝑎 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
η𝑖 = 𝑇𝑜1−𝑇𝑎

1
⎡ 𝑝 3 ⎤

⎣
( )
258⎢ 54𝑜1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎦
0. 97 = 290−258
𝑝𝑜1 = 80. 367 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝑜2
𝑝𝑜1
= 9 → 𝑝𝑜2 = 9×80. 351 = 723. 302𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑘−1
⎡ 𝑝 ⎤
( )
𝑘
𝑇𝑜1×⎢ 𝑝𝑜2 −1⎥
⎢ 𝑜1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
η𝑖 = 𝑇𝑜2−𝑇𝑜1
1

290⎡⎢(9) 3.5 −1⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦
0. 87 = 𝑇𝑜2−290

𝑇𝑜2 = 581. 148 𝐾

𝑇𝑜3 = 1200𝐾
𝑝𝑜3 = 𝑝𝑜2 − ∆𝑝 = 723. 302 − 723. 302×0. 03 = 701. 603 𝐾𝑃𝑎
( )
𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑜2−𝑇𝑜1
η𝑚 = 𝐶 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑎

𝑝 ( 𝑜3
𝑔
𝑜4)

1005(581.148−290)
1=
(
1147 1200−𝑇𝑜4 )

𝑇𝑜4 = 944. 896 𝐾

𝑇𝑜4−𝑇𝑜3
η𝑇 = 𝑘−1

⎣
(
𝑇𝑜3 ⎡⎢ 𝑝𝑜4−𝑝𝑜3 ) 𝑘
−1⎤⎥
⎦

944.896−1200
0. 9 = 1
⎡
( 𝑝𝑜4
) −1⎤⎥⎥⎦
4
1200⎢
⎢ 701.603
⎣
𝑝𝑜4 = 238. 778𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑘
𝑝𝑜4 ⎡ ⎤
𝑝
* = ⎢1 +
⎣
( ) 𝑘−1
2
𝑘−1
⎥, 𝐾 = 1. 333
⎦
4
= ⎡1 + ( )⎤⎦
(238)(778) 0.333
𝑝
*
⎣ 2
* *
𝑝 = 128. 960 𝐾𝑃𝑎 𝑝 > 𝑝𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
*
𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝 = 128. 960𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑜4
𝑇𝑒
= 1+ ( ) 𝑘−1
2

= 1 +( )→𝑇
994.896 0.333
𝑇𝑒 2 𝑒
= 810. 026𝐾

𝑉𝑒 = (
2 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑜4 − 𝑇𝑒 )
𝑚
𝑉𝑒 = 2×1147(944. 896 − 810. 026) = 556. 229 𝑠
•
𝑚 128960 𝐾𝑔
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇𝑒
= 287×810
= 0. 5547 3
𝑚
10 2
𝐴𝑒 = 0.5547×556.229
= 0. 03241 𝑚
•
(
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 ) ( )
= 10(556. 229 − 257. 575) + 0. 03241×(128960 − 54000)
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 5416 𝑁

EX: Products of combustion enter the turbine of

sing spool turbojet engine with the following
take-off condition 𝑃03 = 9. 8 𝑏𝑎𝑟 &
𝑇03 = 1200𝐾 . The thrust develed by the engine
is 20kN . find the mass flow rate of air and the
read
Ambient . conditions: 1bar & 300K
Compressor efficiency=0.85
efficiency=0.88
combustion pressure losses= 2 percent of the
pressure
by compressor
For air :K=1.4 & 𝐶𝑃 = 1005 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
For : K=1.333 & 𝐶𝑃 = 1147 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘
And R= 287 J/kg.K
Sol:-
•
(
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝑚 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉 + 𝐴(𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎) )
𝑉 = (𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

𝑇𝑜1 = 𝑇𝑎& 𝑝𝑜1 = 𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑜1 = 300𝐾 , 𝑝𝑜1 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑝𝑜3 9.8
𝑝𝑜2 = 𝑝𝑜3 + ∆𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜3 + 0. 08𝑝𝑜2 𝑝𝑜2 = 0.98
= 0.98

0.4
⎡ 𝑝𝑜3 1.4 ⎤
⎢
⎣
( )
𝑇𝑜1⎢ 𝑝𝑜1 −1⎥
⎥
⎦
η𝑐 = 𝑇𝑜2−𝑇𝑜1
→ 𝑇𝑜2 = 628. 48𝐾

(
𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑜2−𝑇𝑜1 )
η𝑚 = → 𝑇04 = 912. 185𝐾
(
𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑜4
𝑔 3
)
 𝑇𝑜4−𝑇𝑜3
η𝑇 = 𝑘−1 → 𝑝𝑜 = 9. 05 𝑏𝑎𝑟
⎡ ⎤
( )
𝑝𝑜 𝑘
4
𝑇𝑜 ⎢⎢ 4
𝑝𝑜
−1⎥⎥
3⎢ 3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1.333
𝑃𝑜4

𝑝
* = 1+ ( ( 0.333
2 )) 0.333 *
→ 𝑝 = 4. 8877 𝑏𝑎𝑟 > 𝑃𝑎

*
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝

η𝑗 = 100% 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑇𝑜4 0.333
𝑇𝑒
= 1+ 2
→ 𝑇𝑒 = 782𝐾

𝑝𝑒 488770 3
ρ𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇𝑒
= 287×782
= 2. 1778 𝐾𝑔/𝑚

𝑚
𝑀𝑒 = 1 𝑉𝑒 = 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐾𝑅𝑇𝑒 = 1. 333×287×782 = 546. 965 𝑠

(
𝐹𝑡ℎ = ρ𝑒𝑉𝑒𝐴𝑒 𝑉𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎) ( )