Chapter 2.

2:
Length of Arc of the Graph of a Function
 LENGTH OF ARC OF THE
GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
We defined the differential ds of arc length by
𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒅𝒚 𝟐

We now define the length of s of a curve,

If x and y are known in terms of a parameter t, the form
 3
2
Determine the length of 𝑥 = 3 (𝑦 − 1) between 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.
2

1
On a branch of the curve 9𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3 from x = 0 to x = 3.

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏

9𝑦2 = 4𝑥 3 9𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3
18𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝟏𝟒
𝒔= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟑
The curve 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 x = 3 to x = 2 2.

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏

𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
 3
Find the length of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 from x = 0 to x = 4.
2

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏

𝒔 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Chapter 2.3:
Center of a Plane Region: Rectangular Coordinates
CENTROID OF A PLANE REGION:
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
VERTICAL METHOD

HORIZONTAL METHOD

where:
𝒅𝑨 − 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
RECALL:
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
(CIRCLE )
𝑮𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑳𝑬:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒇 = 𝟎

𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑫𝑨𝑹𝑫 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑳𝑬:

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛, 𝑪(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑷(𝒉, 𝒌)

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
 Determine the centroid of the quarter circle in the 1st quadrant whose
radius is r. Solve in 2 ways. 1. AREA 𝑟
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝐴=න 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 − (0) 𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟 2 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔:
BY VERTICAL METHOD −𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ≤ 𝟏
𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑥𝐿 = 0; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0; 𝜽 = 𝟎
y 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝝅
𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑥𝑅 = 1; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1; 𝜽 =
(0, r) 𝜋
𝟐
2
𝒅𝒙 𝐴=න 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃)
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 21
𝑪(ഥ
𝒙, ഥ
𝒚) (𝒚 − 𝒚𝑳 ) 𝐴 = 𝑟 2 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 2 න (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳

𝟐 𝑼
0 0 2
𝜋
2 𝑟
𝑟2 1
𝟏

𝒚
ഥ 𝑟 2
𝒚𝒄 =

𝐴 = න 𝑑𝜃 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃(2𝑑𝜃)
2 0 2 2 0
x
𝐶(0,0) 𝒙
ഥ (r, 0) 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑨= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐
𝒙𝒄 = 𝒙 0 𝟒
𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 − 0 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟏
𝑥2
1
𝒅𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐴𝑦ത = න (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )( 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥1 2
𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨 𝜋𝑟 2 1 𝑟 2
𝑦ത = න (𝑟 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟏 4 2 0
𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥ҧ = න 𝑥 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟2 𝑟 1 𝑟 2
4 0 𝑦ത = න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 0 2 0
𝜋𝑟 2 −1 𝑟 2 1
2 2
𝑥ҧ = න 𝑟 − 𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
4 2 0
0 0

0 1 4
1 3 4 𝑦ത = 𝑟 3
3 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥ҧ = 𝑟
3 𝜋𝑟 2
𝟒𝒓
𝟒𝒓 𝒚
ഥ=
𝒙
ഥ= 𝟑𝝅
𝟑𝝅
 BY HORIZONTAL METHOD 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔:
−𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ≤ 𝟏
y 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑦𝐿 = 0; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0; 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝝅
(0, r) 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑦𝑅 = 1; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1; 𝜽 =
𝜋
𝟐
2
𝐴=න 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃)
0
𝑪(ഥ
𝒙, ഥ
𝒚) 𝜋 𝜋
2 21
𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝐴 = 𝑟 2 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 2 න (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝒅𝒚 2
0 0
𝒚
ഥ
𝒚𝒄 = 𝒚 𝜋
𝑟
𝑟2 2 𝑟2 1
x 𝐴 = න 𝑑𝜃 +
2 0 2 2 0
න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃(2𝑑𝜃)
𝐶(0,0) 𝒙
ഥ (r, 0)
𝟏
𝒙𝒄 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝑳 )
𝟐 𝑹 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑨= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐
0 𝟒
1. AREA
𝑟
𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨
𝐴=න 𝑟 2 − 𝑦2 − (0) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦
0
𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 − 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝒅𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨 𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝑦2
𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2 1 2 𝐴 𝑦ത = න 𝑦( 𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
𝑥ҧ = න 𝑟 − 𝑦 2 ( 𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
4 0 2
𝑦1

𝜋𝑟 2 1 𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2 1 𝑟 2 2
1
𝑥ҧ = න (𝑟 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 𝑦ത = − න 𝑟 − 𝑦 2 (−2𝑦𝑑𝑦)
4 2 0 4 2 0

0 0

1 4 1 4
𝑥ҧ = 𝑟 3 𝑦ത = 𝑟 3
3 𝜋𝑟 2 3 𝜋𝑟 2

𝟒𝒓 𝟒𝒓
𝒙
ഥ= 𝒚
ഥ=
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
 𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨 𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏
𝑥2
𝑎
𝜋𝑎 2 𝐴𝑦ത = න 𝑦(2 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
𝑥ҧ = න 0(2 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑥1
2 0

𝑎
𝒙
ഥ=𝟎 𝜋𝑎 2 −1 2 2
1
𝑦ത = 2 න 𝑎 − 𝑦 2 (−2𝑦𝑑𝑦)
2 2 0

2 3 2
𝑦ത = 𝑎
3 𝜋𝑎 2

𝟒𝒂
𝒚
ഥ=
𝟑𝝅
 Determine the centroid of the area bounded by the curves 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and
𝑦 = 𝑥. Solve in 2 ways. REFER TO PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
y (1,1) 1 1
𝒙𝑪 = 𝒙 𝑥ҧ = න 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
6 0

𝑦=𝑥 𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 0
𝒚𝑼
𝒅𝐱 𝟏
𝒚𝑪 𝒙
ഥ = 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒚𝑳 𝟐
𝑥2 = 𝑦
𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
1
𝑉(0,0) x 1 1
𝑦ത = න 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
BY VERTICAL METHOD 6 0 2

1. AREA 1 1 1 2
𝑦ത = න 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
6 2 0
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐
𝟔
𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨 0
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
𝒅𝑨 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 𝒚
ഥ = 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟓
 𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
y 1
(1,1)
1 𝑦+𝑦
𝒙𝑹 𝑥ҧ = න ( 𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
6 0 2
𝒙𝑪
𝒙𝑳
𝑦=𝑥 𝒅𝒚 0
𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝟏
𝒚𝑪 = 𝒚 𝒙
ഥ = 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟐
𝑥2 = 𝑦
𝑉(0,0) 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
x
1
1
BY HORIZONTAL METHOD 𝑦ത = න 𝑦( 𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
6 0
1. AREA 1 1 3
𝑦ത = න 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝟏 6
𝑨 = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐 0
𝟔

𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨
0
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦
𝟐
𝒅𝑨 = ( 𝒚 − 𝒚)𝒅𝐲 𝒚
ഥ = 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟓
Determine the centroid of the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2
and the x-axis. Solve in 2 ways. REFER TO PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
y 𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨
2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 9−𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = (9 − 𝑥 2 ) − 0 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝑨 = (𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙
𝑉(0,9)
𝒅𝒙
𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨

𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳
𝒙𝟏
3
36 𝑥ҧ = න 𝑥(9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
x −3
𝑃1 (−3,0) 𝑃2 (3,0)
−1 3
36 𝑥ҧ = න (9 − 𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
2 −3
BY VERTICAL METHOD

1. AREA
𝟐 -3
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒙
ഥ=𝟎
𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒙𝟏
𝑥2
1
𝐴𝑦ത = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 2

1 3
36 𝑦ത = න 9 − 𝑥 2 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 −3

1 3
36 𝑦ത = න (81 − 18𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
2 −3

−3

1
𝑦ത = 129.6
36

𝒚
ഥ = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
 y 𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒚𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝑉(0,9) 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥2 𝒚𝟏
9
36 𝑥ҧ = න 0(2 9 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦)
0
𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳
𝒅𝒚
𝒙
ഥ=𝟎
x 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝑃1 (−3,0) 𝑃2 (3,0) 𝒚𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒚𝟏
BY HORIZONTAL METHOD 9
36 𝑦ത = න 𝑦(2 9 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦)
1. AREA 0
9
𝑨= 𝟑𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐 36 𝑦ത = 2 න 𝑦 9 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦
0
𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑩𝒀 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑺
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = ( 9 − 𝑦) − (− 9 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ‫ ׬ = 𝑣𝑑 ׬‬9 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦
−2 3
𝒅𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟗 − 𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝑣=
3
(9 − 𝑦)2
𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫

36 𝑦ത
−2 3 4 5
=2 (9) 9 − 9 2 − (9 − 9)2
3 15
−2 3 4 5
−2 (0) 9 − 0 2− (9 − 0)2
3 15
1
𝑦ത = 129.6
36

𝒚
ഥ = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Determine the centroid of the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 +
3 = 0 and the line x=4. Solve in 2 ways. REFER TO PREVIOUS
EXAMPLE
𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨
y 𝑦 2= 3(x − 1)
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑷𝟐 (4,3) 𝑑𝐴 = (+ 3 𝑥 − 1 ) − (− 3(𝑥 − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
line x=4 𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 x 𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒙𝟏
𝑉(1,0) 4
12 𝑥ҧ = න 𝑥(2 3 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥)
1
𝒅𝒙 4
𝑷𝟏 (4,−3)
12 𝑥ҧ = 2 න 𝑥( 3 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥)
1
BY VERTICAL METHOD
𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑩𝒀 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑺
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑x
1. AREA
‫ ׬ = 𝑣𝑑 ׬‬3𝑥 − 3𝑑x
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐 2
𝑣 = (3𝑥 − 3)2
3

9
 4
12 𝑥ҧ = 2 න 𝑥( 3 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥)
1
𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑩𝒀 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑺
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑x
‫ ׬ = 𝑣𝑑 ׬‬3𝑥 − 3𝑑x
2 3
𝑣 = (3𝑥 − 3)2
9

2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
12 𝑥ҧ = 2 (4)(12 − 3)2 − 12 − 3 2 − 2 (3 − 3)2 − 3−3 2
9 135 9 135

𝒙
ഥ = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒙𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝒙𝟏
𝑥2
𝐴𝑦ത = න 0( 3 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥1

𝒚
ഥ=𝟎
 y 𝟐. 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨
𝑦 2= 3(x − 1) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 + 3
𝑷𝟐 (4,3) 𝑑𝐴 = (4) − 𝑑𝑦
3
𝒙
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑
𝒅𝑨 = 𝟒 − 𝒅𝒚
𝟑
𝒅𝒚
𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳
x 𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑪𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑰𝑫
𝒚𝟐
𝑨ഥ
𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨
𝑉(1,0) 𝒚𝟏
3
4+𝑥 𝑦2 + 3
12 𝑥ҧ = න 4− 𝑑𝑦
𝑷𝟏 (4,−3) −3 2 3
1 3 𝑦2 + 3 𝑦2 + 3
𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 = 𝟒−𝒙 12 𝑥ҧ = න 4 + 4− 𝑑𝑦
2 −3 3 3

BY HORIZONTAL METHOD 1 3 (𝑦 2 + 3)2

12 𝑥ҧ = න 16 + 𝑑𝑦
2 −3 9
1. AREA 16 3 1 1 3
12 𝑥ҧ = න 𝑑𝑦 + න (𝑦 2 + 3)2 𝑑𝑦
2 −3 2 9 −3
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐
𝟑. 𝑿 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬 𝟒. 𝒀 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝒚𝟐

16 3 1 1 3 𝑨ഥ
𝒚 = න 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
12 𝑥ҧ = න 𝑑𝑦 + න (𝑦 2 + 3)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
𝒚𝟏
2 −3 2 9 −3 𝑦2 + 3
𝐴𝑦ത = න 0 4 − 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 3
3
1 3 4
12 𝑥ҧ = 8 න 𝑑𝑦 + න (𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 + 9)𝑑𝑦
−3 18 −3 𝒚
ഥ=𝟎

𝒙
ഥ = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Chapter 2.4:
Volumes of Solids of Revolution
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
1. CIRCULAR DISK
METHOD
(HORIZONTAL STRIP)

The strip that will

revolve is perpendicular to the 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿
axis of revolution. In this
method, the axis of rotation may
or may not be part of the
boundary of the plane area that dy
is being revolved.
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
1. CIRCULAR DISK
METHOD
(VERTICAL STRIP) dx
The strip that will
revolve is perpendicular to the 𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿
axis of revolution. In this
method, the axis of rotation may
or may not be part of the
boundary of the plane area that
is being revolved.
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
2. CIRCULAR RING OR
WASHER METHOD
(HORIZONTAL STRIP)

The strip that will

revolve is perpendicular to the
axis of revolution. In this
method, the axis of rotation may
or may not be part of the
boundary of the plane area that
is being revolved.
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
2. CIRCULAR RING OR
WASHER METHOD
(VERTICAL STRIP)

The strip that will

revolve is perpendicular to the
axis of revolution. In this
method, the axis of rotation may
or may not be part of the
boundary of the plane area that
is being revolved.
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
3. CYLINDRICAL
SHELL METHOD
(HORIZONTAL STRIP)
The strip that will revolve
is parallel to the axis of revolution.
The volume of revolution is
obtained by taking the limit of the
sum of cylindrical shell elements,
each of which is equal in volume
to the mean circumference times
the height times the thickness.
 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF
REVOLUTION
3. CYLINDRICAL
SHELL METHOD
(VERTICAL STRIP)

The strip that will revolve

is parallel to the axis of revolution.
The volume of revolution is
obtained by taking the limit of the
sum of cylindrical shell elements,
each of which is equal in volume
to the mean circumference times
the height times the thickness.
𝒙𝑹
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 න 𝒙𝒄 𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝑳
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥, the x-axis and the line 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the x-axis.
𝑦2 = 𝑥 (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = (𝒙 − 0)
𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑁𝑆 𝑇𝑂 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
V(0,0)
y line 𝑥 = 2
2
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑦 =𝑥
When 𝒚 = 𝟎; When 𝒙 = 𝟐; dx
𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝟐, 𝟐
(0)2 = 𝑥 𝑦2 = 2
𝒙=𝟎 𝒚= 𝟐 𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿

x
BY CIRCULAR DISK METHOD 𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒙𝑹
𝑽 = 𝝅න 𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 x−axis
𝒙𝑳
2
2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑
0
Find the volume generated by revolving about y-axis the area in the 1 st
quadrant bounded by the 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 and the axes.
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 (𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 = −𝟏(𝒚 − 4)
𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑁𝑆 𝐷𝑂𝑊𝑁𝑊𝐴𝑅𝐷
V(0,4)
y
𝑽(𝟎, 𝟒)
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
When 𝒚 = 𝟎; When 𝒙 = 𝟎;
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2 dy
0 = 4 − 𝑥2 𝑦 = 4 − 02
𝒙 = ±𝟐 𝒚=𝟒
𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿
−𝟐, 𝟎 𝟐, 𝟎

BY CIRCULAR DISK METHOD x

𝒚𝑼
𝟐 axes
𝑽 = 𝝅න 𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝑳
2
2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 4−𝑦 − 0 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 න (4 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑽 = 𝟖𝝅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑
0
The area bounded by the parabola ay = 𝑥 2 and the line y =b is revolved
about the x-axis. Find the volume generated. line 𝑦 = b
2 𝟐 = 𝒂(𝒚 − 0) y
ay = 𝑥 (𝒙 − 𝟎)
2
𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑁𝑆 𝑈𝑃𝑊𝐴𝑅𝐷 𝒂𝒃, 𝒃
ay = 𝑥
V(0,0)
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔
When 𝒚 = 𝒃;
ay = 𝑥 2 ; a(b) = 𝑥 2
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒃

BY CIRCULAR RING METHOD x

𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒙𝑹
𝑽 = 𝝅න 𝒚𝒐 𝟐 − 𝒚𝒊 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝑳
𝑦𝑜 − 𝑦𝑖

𝟒 𝟏 𝟓 dx
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑
𝟓
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the y-axis.
𝑦2 = 𝑥 (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = (𝒙 − 0)
𝑂𝑃𝐸𝑁𝑆 𝑇𝑂 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
V(0,0) y
𝑦2 = 𝑥
𝟏. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑥𝑜
When 𝒙 = 𝟐;
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 ; 𝑦 2= 2 𝟐, 𝟐
𝒚= 𝟐 dy
line 𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑖
BY CIRCULAR RING METHOD
𝒚𝑼
𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎)
x
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅න 𝒙𝒐 − 𝒙𝒊 𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝑳 𝑥𝑜 − 𝑥𝑖

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥, the x-axis and the line 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the x-axis.
REFER TO PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
BY CYLINDICAL SHELL METHOD y line 𝑥 = 2
𝒚𝑼
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 න 𝒚𝒄 𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝒅𝒚
𝑦2 = 𝑥
𝟐, 𝟐
𝒚𝑳

𝑥𝑜 − 𝑥𝑖
dy
𝑦𝑐
x
𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎)

x−axis
0

𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the y-axis. REFER
TO PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
BY CYLINDICAL SHELL METHOD
𝒙𝑹 y
𝑦2 = 𝑥
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 න 𝒙𝒄 𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝑳

2
𝑥𝑐
𝟐, 𝟐
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥 ( 𝑥) − (0) 𝑑𝑥
0
line 𝑥 = 2
𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿
2 3
𝑉= 2𝜋 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 x
𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎)
dx
0

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟑