CE 72.

12 Finite Element Methods in Engineering

Lecture 10: General 1D Isoparametric Problem
Semester – January 2023

Dr. Chaitanya Krishna

Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology (SET)

20 February 2023 1
Review (Linear) 2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝐺 𝑤, 𝑢 = න 𝑤 𝑥 𝜌 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑤 𝑡𝑥ҧ ቚ W
Ω 𝜕𝑡 2 Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Γ𝑡

𝑀𝑒 𝐾𝑒 𝑓𝑒
𝑒
𝑀11 𝑒
𝑀12 ෢1ሷ
𝑢 𝑒
𝐾11 𝑒
𝐾12 𝑢
ෞ1 𝑓1𝑒
𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒 =
𝑀21 𝑀22 ෢
𝑢2ሷ 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝑢
ෞ2 𝑓2𝑒
• For the linear polynomial:
1 2 1 𝐸𝑒 1 −1 𝑒
1 1
𝑀𝑒 = 𝜌𝑒 ℎ𝑒 ; 𝐾𝑒 = ; 𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 ℎ𝑒
6 1 2 ℎ𝑒 −1 1 2 1

Introducing ‘A’

1 2 1 𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒 1 −1 1 1
𝑀𝑒 = 𝜌𝑒 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑒 ; 𝐾𝑒 = 𝑒 ; 𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑒
𝑒
6 1 2 ℎ −1 1 2 1

Why and how….?

20 February 2023
Assumptions for Area 3

• Approach 1:
• Area is constant throughout the element → Simple
• Approach 2:
• Area is a variable in a cross section → Requires Transformation

• We will go with Approach 1: Constant Area

20 February 2023
3D STRESS BLOCK(L-02)
In 1D…. 5

𝐵𝑥

𝜎 𝑥 𝐴(𝑥) 𝜎 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 𝐴(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)

Equilibrium equation in x direction, 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥

𝜕2𝑢
𝜎 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 = 𝑀 2
𝜕𝑡
Expanding using Taylor series expansion
0 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝜕𝜎 𝑥 𝜕𝐴 𝑥 𝜕2𝑢
𝜎 𝑥 + Δ𝑥𝐴 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 = 𝑀 2
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕𝑡
0
𝜕𝜎 𝑥 𝜕𝐴 𝑥 𝜕𝜎 𝑥 𝜕𝐴 𝑥
𝜎 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 + Δ𝑥𝐴 𝑥 + 𝜎 𝑥 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 2 − 𝜎 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 = 0
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x
𝜕 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥
𝜕 𝜎 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑥 = 0
+ =0 𝜕x
𝜕x Δ𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸 ℇ𝑥 ; ℰ𝑥 = Strong Form
𝜕𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑢ത or 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑥ҧ
20 February 2023
Weak Form and FEM in Physical (Linear) 6

𝑑 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥
𝑔 𝑤, 𝑢, 𝜎𝑥 = w 𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 𝐴x − =0
𝑑x

𝑑 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥
න 𝑔 𝑤, 𝑢, 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න w 𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
dx
Ω Ω
d(w 𝑥 )
= − න w 𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑤 𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥 ቚ =0
𝑑𝑥 Γt
Ω Ω

d(w 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝐺 𝑤, 𝑢 = − න w 𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐸 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑤 𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑥 ቚ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Γt
Ω Ω

Displacements and Weights Let us assume 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 for an element:

𝑢1𝑒 𝑀 ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑁1
𝑒
𝑢ො = 𝑁1 𝑢1𝑒+ 𝑁2 𝑢2𝑒
➔ 𝑁1 𝑁2 ෢𝑒
𝑢
𝑢2𝑒 ෢𝜎 𝑤,
𝐺 ෝ 𝑢ො = ෍ 𝑤1𝑒 𝑤2𝑒 න 𝑑𝑥 ′ 𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝑑𝑁1 𝑑𝑁2
𝑑𝑥 ′ 1
𝑁1 𝑑𝑁2 𝑑𝑥 ′ 𝑑𝑥 ′ ෢𝑒
𝑢
𝑤ෝ 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑤1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑤2𝑒 ➔ 𝑤1𝑒 𝑤2𝑒 𝑒=1 0 2
𝑁2 𝑑𝑥 ′ 𝑒
𝑥′ 𝑥′ 𝑀 ℎ
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑁1 = 1 − ; 𝑁 = 𝑁
ℎ𝑒 2
ℎ𝑒 𝐺 ෝ 𝑢ො = ෍ 𝑤1𝑒 𝑤2𝑒 න 1 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ′
෢𝑓 𝑤,
𝑁2
𝑒=1 0
20 February 2023
Linear Element Dimensionality 7

𝑀𝑒 𝐾𝑒 𝑓𝑒
𝑒 𝑒 ෢1ሷ 𝑒 𝑒
𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑢 𝐾11 𝐾12 𝑢
ෞ1 𝑓1𝑒
𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒 =
𝑀21 𝑀22 ෢
𝑢2ሷ 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝑢
ෞ2 𝑓2𝑒
• For the linear polynomial , we assumed earlier:
1 𝐸 𝑒 𝐴𝑒 1
𝑒 2 1 1 −1 1
𝑀𝑒 = 𝜌𝑒 𝐴 ℎ𝑒 ; 𝐾𝑒 = 𝑒 ; 𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑒
𝑒
6 1 2 ℎ −1 1 2 1

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑒 = = 𝑀𝐿−3 ℎ𝑒 = Length = L 𝑢1 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿2 𝑏𝑥 = = 𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇 −2 𝑢1ሷ = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑇 −2
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐸𝑒 = = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
20 February 2023
T01 Problem 8
Only Body Force Gravity Load
Assume ρ = 1000
E = 10000
g=1
Find 𝑢ො 𝑥 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝐸𝑀 A=1
L = 10

Exact Solution
Tip Displacement
ρ𝐿𝑥 𝜌𝐿2 1000∗102
u(x) = 𝑢 𝐿 = = =5
2𝐸 2𝐸 2∗10000

FEM Solution:
Let us discretize the given structure with 1D bar elements
2 elements & 3 Nodes he = 5
1
10000 ∗ 1 1 −1
𝑘 =
5 −1 1
𝐸 ⅇ 𝐴ⅇ 1 −1
The element stiffness matrix ; 𝑘ⅇ = ℎⅇ −1 1 10000 ∗ 1 1 −1
𝑘2 =
5 −1 1

20 February 2023
Cont… 9

1 1
➢ The Element force Vector ; 𝑓 𝑒 = 𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 ℎ𝑒
2 1

b1 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝑏1 =

b2
𝑏2 =
2

𝑏2 + 𝑏3
} Body force has a unit of
force/volume

𝜌. 1 ⋅ 𝑣𝑥
2
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 = = 𝜌
b3 𝑣𝑥
1 1
1 1 1 1
𝑓 1 = 2 . 𝜌. 1 ⋅ 𝐴. 5 . ; 𝑓 2 = 2 . 𝜌. 1 ⋅ 𝐴. 5 .
1 1

GDOF
1 −1 0
𝐾𝐺 = 2000 −1 1+1 −1 LDOF 1 2
0 −1 1 1 1 2

1 2 2 3
fG= 2500 2
1 20 February 2023
Cont… 10

1 −1 0 𝑢1 1
𝐾𝐺 𝑢 = 𝑓𝐺 2000 −1 2 −1 𝑢2 = 2500 2
0 −1 1 𝑢3 1

Applying Boundary Conditions

0 0 0
0
1 0 −1 0 𝑢1 1
2000 −1 2 −1 𝑢2 = 2500 2
0
0 −1 1 𝑢3 1

u1 = 0 ; u2 = 3.75 ; u3 =5.0

20 February 2023
Finite Element of Any Order (L-09) 11

Shape functions Numerical integration (Gauss Quadrature)

𝑛 ℎ𝑒 1
𝜉 − 𝜉𝑏
𝑝
𝑁𝑎 𝜉 = 𝑙𝑎 (𝜉) = ෑ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓መ 𝜉 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉
𝜉𝑎 − 𝜉𝑏 0 −1
𝑏=1 1 𝑛
𝑏≠𝑎
𝐼 = න 𝑓 𝜉 𝑑𝜉 ≈ ෍ 𝑓(𝜉𝑗 )𝑤𝑗
Coordinate, displacements and weights −1 𝑗=1
𝑥 𝑒 = σ𝑛𝑎 𝑁𝑎 𝜉 . 𝑥ෞ𝑎 Gauss Quadrature Points Weights
 𝑢ො 𝑒 = σ𝑛𝑎 𝑁𝑎 𝜉 . 𝑢
ෞ𝑎 Points (𝝃𝒊 ) (𝒘𝒊 )
2 ±√(1/3) 1
𝑤 ෝ 𝑒 = σ𝑛𝑎 𝑁𝑎 𝜉 . 𝑤ෞ𝑎 3 -√(3/5) 0.5556
0 0.8889
Jacobian 𝒋𝒆 √(3/5) 0.5556
4 -0.8611 0.3479
𝜕𝑥 -0.3400 0.6521
𝑗𝑒 𝜉 = 0.3400 0.6521
𝜕𝜉
0.8611 0.3479

Partial derivatives of shape functions Generic static K and f

1 1

𝜕𝑁𝑎 𝜕𝑁𝑎 𝜕𝜉 1 𝜕𝑁𝑎 𝐾 𝑒 = න 𝐵𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝐵𝑇 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑓 𝑒 = න 𝑁𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉

= = −1 −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑥 𝑗𝑒 𝜕𝜉
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝜕𝑁𝑎
𝐵=
𝜕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 20 February 2023
Parent Coordinate System 12

• Linear Element • Quadratic Element

𝜉1 = −1 𝜉2 = 1 𝜉1 = −1 𝜉2 = 0 𝜉3 = 1

Shape functions Shape functions

𝜉 𝜉
N1 =
1−𝜉
N2 =
1+𝜉 N1 = (𝜉 − 1) N2 = 1 − 𝜉2 N3 = (𝜉 + 1)
2 2 2 2

𝑥ො 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑥1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥ො 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑥1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑥2𝑒 + 𝑁3 𝑥3𝑒

𝑢ො 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑢1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑢2𝑒 𝑢ො 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑢1𝑒 +𝑁2 𝑥2𝑒 + 𝑁3 𝑥3𝑒
𝑤ෝ 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑤1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑤2𝑒 𝑤ෝ 𝑒 = 𝑁1 𝑤1𝑒 + 𝑁2 𝑤2𝑒 + 𝑁3 𝑤3𝑒
ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
Jacobian : 𝑗𝑒 = Jacobian : 𝑗𝑒 = + 𝜉 (𝑥1 +𝑥 3 − 2𝑥2𝑒 )
2 2
ℎ
Derivative: = 2𝑒 (if 𝜉 is 0 )
𝜕𝑁1
=
1 𝜕𝑁1
=
−1
;
𝜕𝑁2
=ℎ
1 Derivative:
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝜉
𝑒 ℎ 𝑒 𝜕𝑥 𝑒 𝜕𝑁1 1 𝜕𝑁1 2 1
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑗 𝜕𝜉
= ℎ
( 2 + 𝜉)
1 1 𝑒 𝑒
𝜕𝑁2 1 𝜕𝑁2 4
𝐾 𝑒 = න 𝐵𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝐵𝑇 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑓 𝑒 = න 𝑁𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉 = = − 𝜉
𝜕𝑥 𝑗𝑒 𝜕𝜉 ℎ𝑒
−1 −1 𝜕𝑁3 1 𝜕𝑁3 2 1
= = ( + 𝜉)
𝐴ⅇ 𝐸 ⅇ 1 −1 1 1 𝜕𝑥 𝑗𝑒 𝜕𝜉 ℎ𝑒 2
Ke= ; 𝑓𝑒 = 2 𝑏𝑥 𝐴ⅇ ℎⅇ
ℎⅇ −1 1 1
……………..TBC.
20 February 2023
 Quadratic Parent Element (Cont..) 13
1 1

𝐾 𝑒 = න 𝐵𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝐵𝑇 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑓 𝑒 = න 𝑁𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉

−1 −1

𝜉 𝜕𝑁1 1
(𝜉 − 1) 𝜕𝑥 𝜉−
𝑁1 2
𝜕𝑁2 2
2
N = 𝑁2 = 1 − 𝜉2 ; B= = ℎ𝑒 −2𝜉
𝜕𝑥
𝑁3 𝜉
(𝜉 + 1) 𝜕𝑁3 𝜉+2
1
2 𝜕𝑥
1 1
𝜉− 2
2 2 1 1 ℎ𝑒
𝐾𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 −2𝜉 𝜉− − 2𝜉 𝜉+ 𝑑𝜉
ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 2 2 2
1
𝜉+2
-1
f(𝜉)

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐾 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 [ w1 f(𝜉 1) + w2 f(𝜉 2) ]

%%MATLAB Code%%
1.1667 −1.3333 1.1667 B=@(xi) [xi-0.5, -2*xi, xi+0.5]’;
2𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 f=@(xi) B(xi)*B’(xi);
K𝑒 = −1.3333 2.667 −1.3333 x1=1/sqrt(3);x2=-1/sqrt(3);
ℎ𝑒 w1=1.0;w2=1.0;
1.1667 −1.3333 1.1667 I1=w1*f(x1)+w2*f(x2)

20 February 2023
Quadratic Parent Element (Cont..) 14
1 1

𝐾 𝑒 = න 𝐵𝐴𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝐵𝑇 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑓 𝑒 = න 𝑁𝑏𝑥 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝑒 (𝜉)𝑑𝜉

−1 −1

1
𝜉
(𝜉 − 1)
2
ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑒 = 1− 𝜉2 bx 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑑𝜉 Using Gauss Quadrature
𝜉
(𝜉 + 1)
-1 2

f(𝜉)

ℎ𝑒
be 2 𝐴𝑒 [ w1 f(𝜉 1) + w2 f(𝜉 2) ]
%%MATLAB Code%%
x1=1/sqrt(3);x2=-1/sqrt(3);
w1=1.0;w2=1.0;
f=@(xi) [-xi/2+xi^2/2,1-xi^2 ,xi/2+xi^2/2]';
I2=w1*f(x1)+w2*f(x2)

1 ⅇ ⅇ ⅇ 0.3333
𝑓ⅇ = 𝑏 ℎ 𝐴 1.3333
2
0.3333
20 February 2023
Exercise Problem 15
𝑟1 = 2
𝑟2 = 1

𝐸 =10000

𝑃 = 1000

Find the displacements and stresses for the example problem using:
a. Linear elements
b. Quadratic elements

Hint:
1: Do hand calculations with 4 noded elements
2: Computerize the solution with multiple elements compare the disp-location graph with
exact solution

20 February 2023
Exact Solution… 16

𝑃 = 1000 𝐸 =10000

𝑟1 = 2 𝐿 = 10 𝑟2 = 1

𝐴1 = 𝜋 × 22 𝐴1 = 𝜋 × 12
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑟(𝑥) = (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) 𝐴𝑥 = 𝜋 2 −
𝐿 𝐿

0 𝐿
𝑑 𝐴𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝑥 𝑃𝑥
=0 𝐴𝑥 𝜎𝑥 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝜋 2 − 𝐿
@𝑥 = 𝐿; ⇒ 𝑃 + 𝑐1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐1 = −𝑃

𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑑𝑢 𝑃 1 𝑃 1
−𝑃 =0 𝑢 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 = න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐸 𝐴𝑥 𝐸 𝑥
𝜋 2−𝐿
𝑃𝐿
@𝑥 = 0; ⇒ 𝑢 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = −
2𝐸𝜋 20 February 2023
 17

20 February 2023
Linear Element 18

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 19

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 20

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Quadratic Element 21

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 22

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A 23

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 24

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 25

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