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𝑉 𝐿 𝐿4
𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑉 𝑚 𝑇 𝜌𝐿3 𝜌 𝜌𝐿𝑉 𝐿𝑉 𝑉𝐷
𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑅𝑒 = = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐿1 = 𝐿2
= = =
𝜏𝐴 𝜇𝑑𝑦 𝐴 𝜇𝑇 𝐿 𝐿2 𝜇 𝜇 𝜐 𝜐
𝑇
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝐿
− − 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
γ γ γA
Energy at any two points along the flow is equal when fluid is incompressible,
steady, irrotational and zero viscosity. A portion of the energy may lost along
the pathline due to resistance and fittings. Then it is called head loss. Based
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
on Bernoulli’s equation, head loss, hL = ( + 𝒁𝟏 ) − ( − 𝒁𝟐 )
𝛄 𝛄
𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 (1)
γ𝑅ℎ
This is a general equation of pipe friction which is applicable for any shape
of uniform cross section.
For a smooth walled conduit, where friction is neglected and the average
shear stress at the wall is assumed to be some function of V, ρ, and μ.
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐾𝑅ℎ𝑎 𝜌 𝑏 μ𝑐 𝑉 𝑛 (2)
𝑅ℎ 𝑉𝜌 n-2 𝜌𝑉 2
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2𝐾( ) *
μ 2
𝜌𝑉 2
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2𝐾𝑅𝑒𝑛−2 ∗
2
𝐶𝑓 = 2𝐾𝑅𝑒𝑛−2
𝜌𝑉 2
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐶𝑓 (3)
2
This is a equation of pipe friction which is applicable for any shape of smooth
walled cross section.
For circular cross section,
𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐶𝑓 ∗
2𝑔 𝐷
4
𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 4𝐶𝑓 ∗
2𝑔 𝐷
𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗ (5)
2𝑔 𝐷
2𝜏0 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = (6)
γ𝑟0
Where the shear stress at the wall is equal to average shear stress and Rh=ro/2
(ro is the radius of pipe)
2𝜏𝐿
For a cylindrical body of fluids with A= Πr2 and P=2Πr, ℎ𝐿 = (7)
γr
Relating 6 and 7,
𝑟
𝜏 = 𝜏0 (8)
𝑟0
𝑑𝑢
For laminar flow, 𝜏 = −𝜇 where u is the velocity at distance of y from
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 2𝜏𝐿
boundary. As y= ro-r, 𝜏 = −𝜇 . Substituting the value of τ into ℎ𝐿 =
𝑑𝑟 γr
equation.
𝑑𝑢 2𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = −𝜇 ∗
𝑑𝑟 γr
γℎ𝐿
𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑟𝑑𝑟
2𝜇𝐿
By integrating we get,
γℎ𝐿 𝑟
𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟
2𝜇𝐿 𝑟𝑜
γℎ𝐿 (𝑟 2 −𝑟02 )
𝑈=− ∗ + 𝐶1 (1)
2𝜇𝐿 2
𝐷2
γℎ𝐿 ( )
4
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ [pipe radius, r0=D/2]
2𝜇𝐿 2
γℎ𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 𝐷2
16𝜇𝐿
The mean velocity of parabola is one half of maximum height, V avg
γℎ𝐿
=𝑉𝑐 /2= ∗ 𝐷2
32𝜇𝐿
2𝑔𝐷
From Darcy-Weisbatch” equation, 𝑓 = ℎ𝐿 ∗
𝑉2 𝐿
𝐿 2𝑔𝐷
𝑓 = 32ʋ 𝑉 ∗
𝑔𝐷 2 𝑉2𝐿
ʋ 2
𝑓 = 32 ∗
𝐷 𝑉
64ʋ 64
𝑓= =
𝐷𝑉 𝑅
The equation is applicable if laminar flow, Re<2000.
thickness )
𝜐
𝛿1 = 3.5 ∗ 𝜏𝑜
(laminar flow: to determine true layer)
√𝜌
𝑓𝜌𝑉 2
𝜏𝑜 = (for both laminar and turbulant flow)
8
𝜐
𝛿 = 32.8 ∗ (for turbulant flow)
√𝑓
Ideally there is no smooth wall. However, If the irregularities are such that
the effect of projection do not pierce through the viscus layer.
Condition
Hydraulically smooth wall if, 𝛿 > 6𝑒
turbulant flow is strongly infuenced by the flow phenomena near the wall.
The mixing length l near the wall is proportional to the distance from the
wall, l=ky.
𝑑𝑢 2
𝜏 = 𝜏𝑜 = 𝜌𝐾 2𝑦 2 ( )
𝑑𝑦
1 𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = √ 𝑜 ∗
𝐾 𝜌 𝑦
𝜏
From which, 𝑑𝑢 = 2.5√ 𝑜 ∗ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝐶
𝜌
𝜏𝑜 𝑟0
𝑈 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 2.5√ ∗ 𝑙𝑛
𝜌 𝑟0 − 𝑟
𝜏𝑜 𝑟0
𝑈 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 5.75√ ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝜌 𝑟0 − 𝑟
Chart for friction factor:
Figure 3: Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness for round
pipes -the Moody chart.
Example: 8.4
Head loss
The overall head loss for the pipe system consists of the head loss due to
viscous effects of the pipe surface, termed the major loss. The head loss in
various pipe components, termed the minor loss. The minor losses comes
from-
1. Pipe entrance or exit
2. Sudden expansion or contraction
3. Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
4. Valves,open or partially closed
5. Gradual expansions or contractions
The major losses may not be so minor; e.g., a partially closed valve can cause
a greater pressure where minor losses are greater than the major losses.
hL = major loss+ minor loss
hL = hL-major + hL-minor
As previously discussed major losses in pipe flow introduced from friction/
viscus force. It shall be calculated using,
𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗
2𝑔 𝐷
64ʋ 64
𝑓= = (for laminar flow)
𝐷𝑉 𝑅