Tutorial 7

1. Consider steady, incompressible flow in the annulus of two cylinders, where R1 and R2 are the
radii of inner and outer cylinders, respectively, and the cylinders move with different rotational
speeds, 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 , respectively. Starting from the continuity equation and the Navier’s Stokes
equation in cylindrical coordinates, show that the shear stress at any radial location is given by:
2𝜇𝑅12 𝑅22 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
𝜏𝑟𝜃 = − 2 ( )
𝑅2 − 𝑅12 𝑟2
where 𝜇 is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. Make necessary assumptions and clearly state
them with justification. Take the expression for 𝜏𝑟𝜃 as:
𝜕 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 𝜇 [𝑟 ( ) + ]
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

2. With reference to the above problem, show that in the limiting case of a solid cylinder of
radius R, rotating with an angular velocity of 𝜔, the fluid flow around it is given by that of a
free vortex flow and the shear stress is inversely proportional to 𝑟 2 .

3. A fully developed laminar flow is taking place in the annulus between two concentric pipes.
The inner pipe is stationary, and the outer pipe is moving in the axial direction with a velocity
V0. Assume the axial pressure gradient to be zero (dp/dz = 0). Find out a general expression
for the shear stress as a function of radial coordinate. Also find out a general expression for
the velocity profile Vz(r).
𝑟
𝑉0 ln( )
𝐴 𝑟 𝑖
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑖. 𝜏 = , 𝑖𝑖. 𝑉𝑧 = 𝑟
]
𝑟 ln( 𝑜 )
𝑟𝑖
4. The velocity distribution for a fully developed laminar flow in a pipe is given by:
𝑅2 𝜕𝑝 𝑟 2
𝑣𝑧 = − ( ) [1 − ( ) ].
4𝜇 𝜕𝑧 𝑅
Determine the radial distance from the pipe axis at which the velocity equals the average
velocity.
5. Air moves over a flat plate with a uniform free stream velocity of 10 m/s. At a position 15 cm
away from the front edge of the plate, what is the boundary layer thickness? Use a parabolic
profile in the boundary layer. For air, 𝜈 = 1.5 × 10−5 m2/s and 𝜌 = 1.23 kg/m3.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 2.59 𝑚𝑚]
6. An approximate expression for the velocity profile in a steady, two–dimensional
incompressible boundary layer is:
𝑢 𝜋𝜂
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝜂 + 𝑘 (1 − 𝑒 −𝜂 − sin ) , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 3
𝑈∞ 6
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝜂 + 𝑘𝑒 −𝜂 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 ≥ 3
where 𝜂 = 𝑦/𝛿 (𝑥 ) . that the profile satisfies the following boundary conditions:
𝑎. 𝑢(𝑦 = 0) = 0
𝑏. 𝑢(𝑦 → ∞) → 𝑈∞
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑐. | = 2| =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑦→∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝑦→∞

𝛿2 𝑑𝑈∞
Find out 𝑘 from an appropriate boundary condition. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑘 = ( ) ( ) − 1]
𝜈 𝑑𝑥

7. Consider the following velocity profile for flow over a flat plate:
𝑢 𝜋𝑦
= sin ( ),
𝑈∞ 2𝛿
where 𝑈∞ is the imposed uniform velocity. Using the momentum integral approach find
𝛿 𝛿∗ 0.655 4.80 1.743
𝑐𝑓 , , , 𝐻. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: , , , 2.66]
𝑥 𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥
8. A thin smooth disk of diameter D is immersed parallel to a uniform stream of velocity U.
Assuming laminar flow and using flat-plate theory as a guide, develop an approximate formula
for the drag of the disk. Take the coefficient of drag to be 𝐶𝐷 = 1.328/√𝑅𝑒𝐿 .
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 2.96/√𝑅𝑒𝐿 ]