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Lecture 1. 4007ENG
Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the most rewarding and satisfying
activities undertaken by an engineer. It is the synthesis, the putting together, of ideas to
achieve a desired purpose.

Main stages

Objective
(design specification)

Collection of data,
physical properties,
design methods

Generation of
possible designs

Selection and
evaluation
(optimisation)

Final design
Fluids in Motion

If the flow is smooth, such as

neighbouring layers slide by
each other smoothly – the flow
is laminar

Turbulent flow, when lines of

motion of particles of liquid are
not parallel
 Equation of Continuity

A1
A2

V2

V1

𝐴1 𝑉 1 𝜌 1 = 𝐴2 𝑉 2 𝜌 2 - Equation of continuity

A – Cross section area, V – fluid velocity,  - fluid density

If fluid is incompressible: 𝜌 1=𝜌 2

Finally:

𝐴 1 𝑉 1= 𝐴 2 𝑉 2
 Bernoulli’s Equation

Where the velocity of fluid is high, the pressure

is low, and where the velocity is low, the - Bernoulli’s Principle
pressure is high

1 2 1 2
𝑃 1+ 𝜌 𝑉 1 + 𝜌 𝑔 h1 =𝑃 2+ 𝜌 𝑉 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 h 2 - Bernoulli’s Equation
2 2

Since points 1 and 2 could be any two points along a tube of flow, Bernoulli’s Equation
can be written:
1
𝑃+ 𝜌 𝑉 2 + 𝜌 𝑔h =𝐶 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
Torricelli's Theorem

𝑉 1= √ 2 𝑔 ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 )
 Viscosity
Real fluids have a certain amount of internal friction, which is called viscosity

Velocity varies linearly from 0 to V. The increase in velocity divided by the distance over
which this change is made – equal to V/l – is called the velocity gradient. F – force
required for motion
𝑉
𝐹 =𝜇 𝐴
𝑙

A – area of plate, µ - coefficient of viscosity

𝐹𝑙
𝜇=
𝑉𝐴
𝑁 𝑠𝑒𝑐
In SI, 𝜇= 2
=𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑐
𝑚
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐
In cgs, 2
=𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒( 𝑃)
𝑐𝑚
Often use centipoise (cP), which is one hundredth of a poise
 Flow in Tubes
Poiseuille’s Equation enabling estimation of volumetric flow along a tube with particular
parameters:

𝜋 𝑅4 (𝑃 1 − 𝑃 2)
𝑄=
8𝜇 𝐿

R – inside radius of the tube, L – tube length, P1 – P2 – pressure difference between

ends, µ - viscosity, and Q - volume rate of flow.

Reynold’s Number:

2𝑉𝑅 
𝑅𝑒=
𝜇

R – radius of the channel, V – average flow velocity, µ - viscosity, and  - density.

Re < 2000 – Laminar flow

Re > 2400 – Turbulent flow
2000< Re < 2400 – Transitional flow
 FANS AND PUMPS

The purpose of the fan and pump is to move air (fan) and liquid (pump) continuously against
moderate pressure.

Fan total pressure, Pt is the difference between the total pressures at the fan inlet and outlet.

Fan static pressure, Ps is the fan total pressure minus the fan velocity pressure.

Fan velocity pressure, is the velocity pressure corresponding to the average velocity at the
fan outlet (found by dividing the volume flow of air by the area of the fan discharge orifice).

If pressure, P, is measured in Pa (N/m2), and flow rate in m3/sec, air power = P × Q (Watt)
Fan efficiency

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝐸 ( % )= ×100 %
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

The measured fan input power may be that absorbed by the impeller only, or may include the
power absorbed be bearings and auxiliary drive components according to the design and use
of fan.

Because work is done on the air by a fan, there will be an increase in the internal energy,
resulting in a rise in temperature.

𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑖𝑛h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 )=𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠× 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 h𝑒𝑎𝑡+𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 ×𝑄
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒= = =0.00082 𝑃(℃)
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑄 × 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 1.29 ×𝑄 ×1012
 Fan Laws

1. Volume flow

𝑄=𝑘𝑞 ×𝑑 3 × 𝑁
where kq is numerical constant, d is impeller diameter, and N is a speed of rotation.

2. Fan pressure

𝑃=𝑘𝑝 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑁 2 × 

where kp is numerical constant, d is impeller diameter, and N is a speed of rotation.

3. Fan power

𝑃𝑜𝑤=𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑤 × 𝑑 5 × 𝑁 3 × 

Coefficients kq , kp, kpow will be constant for a range of geometrically similar fans.
Performance coefficients

1. Volume coefficient 𝑢
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜑= ×100 %
( 𝜋4𝑑 ) 𝑢
2

where u is impeller peripheral velocity

2. Total pressure coefficient

𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜃=
( )
2
𝜌𝑢
2
where – density of a gas

3. Static pressure coefficient

𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜃 𝑠𝑡 =
( )
2
𝜌𝑢
2
4. Power coefficient
𝜑 ×𝜃
𝜑=
𝐸
where – fan total efficiency
Centrifugal Fans

Centrifugal fan consists of an impeller running in a casing, having a spirally shaped contour.
The amount of work done on the air depends on the angle of the fan blades with respect to the
direction of rotation at the periphery of the impeller.
3 Main forms of blades:
1. Backward bladed, in which the blade tips incline away from the direction of rotation
and the blade angle  is less than 90º.


2. Radial bladed, where the tips are radial.  = 90º.


3. Forward curved, where the blade tips incline towards the direction of rotation and the
blade angle  > 90º.

Comparison of centrifugal fan types

Forward curved Radial blades Backward curved

blades blades
Efficiency Medium Medium High
Space required Small Medium Medium
Speed for given pressure Low Medium High
Noise Fair Poor Good

Forward curved fans are commonly used for ventilation of commercial buildings, in view of their
compact size for a given duty. Backward bladed fans are likely to be used for ventilation of large
installations (tunnels, coal mines, etc) where their improved efficiency is of advantage. Radial tipped
fans are often encountered as draught fans on large boilers.
Propeller fans
This type of fans is useful for general ventilation work where there is little resistance to air
flow, as it is not suitable for use in ductwork or air filtration .
Commonly used for:
1. Unit heaters
2. Air cooling in cars and refrigeration evaporators
3. Extract ventilation for rooms and workshops

Pr
es
su
Po

re
we
r

Efficiency
1. Sheet steel blades – 55%
2. Aerofoil – 70%
 Axial flow fans
Axial flow fan has a casing which is cylindrical and the shaft of the
impeller being at the center of the casing and running parallel to the
sides. Blades are usually of aerofoil section.

Pressure of up to 1100Pa could be reached.

Efficiency – up to 78% (aerofoil blades)

The main disadvantage is high noise level

(silencers are often required).
 Cross-flow fans
Both ends of the impeller are sealed and it is fitted into a casing in which air enters at
the periphery on one side, passes through the impeller, and leaves from the periphery
at the other side. The flow is not diametral but along a curved path, the axis of inlet
and outlet being roughly at right angles (90º).
Example 1
A fan, whose outlet area is 0.38 m2, has a duty of 4.5 m3/s of air of standard density at
a fan total pressure of 625 Pa with an output power of 3.6 kW. Find the fan total and
static efficiencies.

Solution
Average velocity at the fan outlet = .

Effective velocity pressure:

P=×g×H

Fan static pressure = 625 – 84 .

Fan total efficiency = .

Fan static efficiency = .