CE-UG-VIII-2018

Spring FEB-JUN 2020

FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF
CONSTANT CROSS SECTION
Flow is steady flow
Conduit of uniform
cross section

0ሺ
𝑃1 𝐴 − 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝛾𝐿𝐴 sin ∝ − 𝜏ҧ 𝑃𝐿ሻ = 0
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝐿
− − 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 = 𝜏ҧ
0
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾𝐴
ℎ 𝑃 𝑃
𝑓=ቀ𝑍1 + 1 ቁ− ቀ𝑍2 + 2 ቁ
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃𝐿
Where ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏ҧ
0 𝛾𝐴
Not
form
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF CONSTANT
CROSS SECTION
τo = f(μ, ρ, Rh,V)
Non repeating
Variables

Parameter Dimensions
τo ML-1T-2
μ ML-1T-1
ρ ML-3
Rh L
V LT-1

Repeating
П2 =φ(П1) Variables
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF CONSTANT
CROSS SECTION

After deriving the equation for

Dimensionless term

Where

We can apply to any shape of smooth walled cross section

FRICTION IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS
𝐿 𝑉2
Circular Pipe ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
Flowing full
(Laminar or ℎ𝑓 𝑓 𝑉2
turbulent flow) =𝑆=
𝐿 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑓 = 8𝜃ሺ𝑅ሻ

PIPE FRICTION EQUATION and

DARCY &WEISBACH EQUATION
The pipe friction equation states that the head lost in
friction in a given pipe is proportional to the velocity
head.
Dimensional analysis gives us the proper form for an
equation, but does not yield numerical result, since it
does not deal with theoretical numerical factors.
FRICTION IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS
 The Pipe friction equation states that the head lost in friction in a
given pipe is proportional to velocity head
 The equation is dimensionally homogeneous
 We may use it with any consistent system of unit
 Exact form of 𝜃 ሺ𝑅 ሻand numerical values for 𝐶𝑓 and ‘f’ may be
determined by experiments or other means
 For circular pipe flowing full
𝐿 2𝜏ҧ0𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏ҧ
0 =
𝑅ℎ 𝛾 𝑟0 𝛾

𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
4 2 4 2𝑔
FRICTION in Non circular conduit

Equivalent diameter
D = 4Rh
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
4𝑅ℎ 2𝑔
ሺ4𝑅ℎ ሻ𝑉𝜌 ሺ4𝑅ℎ ሻ𝑉
Pipe Flow: 𝑅 = =
𝜇 𝜗
LAMINAR Flow in Circular PIPE
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipe
1. Equation-1 Shear stress definition
2. Equation-2 Shear stress definition with negative sign.
3. Head loss equation
4. Substituting shear stress in Head loss equation, and writing equation for du.
5. Integrating the above equation
6. Applying condition -1 and find out constant of integration for the above equation
and Putting the value of constant in equation-5
7. Write in terms of “k”.
8. Applying condition-2 in equation-7 and find k and substituting k and Umax=Vc
(centerline velocity) in equation 7. Equation for velocity at any point in the x-
section is formed in terms of max. velocity and ratio of radii.
9. Find the equation for max. velocity by substituting k expression in application of
condition-2.
10. Find V (average velocity) for laminar flow as Umax/2= Vaverage for a paraboloid.
LAMINAR Flow in Circular PIPE

&
LAMINAR Flow
𝑉 = 0.5 𝑉
in Circular PIPE 𝑐

So,
ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2
𝑉= 𝐷
32𝜇𝐿
 Loss of Head due to Friction
𝜇 𝐿 𝐿𝑉
Laminar Flow: ℎ𝑓 = 32 𝛾 𝐷 2 𝑉 = 32 𝛾 𝑔𝐷 2
Hagen – Poiseuille Law
 Loss of head is proportional to the first power of the velocity
 No empirical coefficients
 In Laminar flow the friction is independent of the roughness of the pipe
wall
64𝜗 64
 Laminar Flow: 𝑓 = =
𝐷𝑉 𝑅
Entrance conditions in Laminar
Flow
Entrance Condition in Laminar Flow
 Rounded Entrance: to avoid any initial distribution of the entering
streams
 At the boundaries particles of fluid adhere to the walls. This is called
no slip condition so zero velocity there and max velocity gradient and
velocity is uniform across the rest of the diameter
 As the fluid progress, friction originating from walls, slows down the
streamlines in the vicinity of the wall
 As Q is constant, velocity in the centre increases until the final velocity
profile is parabola.
 Theory & observations have established that maximum velocity in the
centre of the pipe will reach 99% of its ultimate value in a distance

Entrance Length Le = 0.058 RD

Entrance Condition in Laminar Flow
 What would be the critical maximum value of this length
 When R<2000, how critical length is affected
 Un established flow/entrance flow
 No frictional affects, uniform velocity outer annular zone extending from the
core of the pipe wall “ Invicid CORE”
 Thickness of the outer zone increases as it moves along the wall “ Boundary Layer”
 Viscosity in the boundary layer acts to transmit the effect of boundary shear
inwardly into the flow
 At what location boundary layer has grown, such as it occupies the whole x-section
 Velocity profile remains the same beyond this x section, flow is known as
established/fully developed flow
 The flow will continue as fully developed so long as no change occurs to the
straight pipe surface.
Question:
In a refinery oil (s=0.85, ϑ=1.8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows through a 100
mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s, Find the centre line velocity, the
velocity at r=20mm, the friction factor , the shear stress at pipe
wall and the head loss per meter of the pipe length.
steps
Find centre-line velocity/ u max
Find “k” using end conditions, r=ro , then u=0 and the
equation u=u max-kr2
find velocity at 20 mm
Find pipe friction factor “f”
Find max shear stress at the walls, using average
velocity.
Find head loss per unit length of pipe.