SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

NUST

APPLIED PHYSICS

LAB REPORT # 5

AC DC ELECTRONICS

SUBMITTED BY GROUP A-4

• • Muhammad Nauman Tariq

• • Muhammad Safi Ullah

• • Syed Muhammad Ali Asad

• • Asad Ur Rehman

• • Zaid Akbar

SUBMITTED TO

SIR SHAROON SARDAR

DATE SUBMITTED

6/11/2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

▪ ABSTRACT

▪ THEORY

▪ OBSERVATION

▪ CALCULATIONS

▪ DATA ANALYSIS

▪ CONCLUSION

.
 EXPERIMENT NO 1:

Capacitors in Circuits

ABSTRACT

In this lab we will determine how capacitors behave in R-C circuits. The manner in which capacitors
combine will also be studied. We will combine different capacitors with a high resistance, and
measure the charging and discharging time.

THEORY:

The capacitor is connected with the resistance and battery in series with a button too. We first allow
it to charge after closing circuit and measure the time for a specific range of potential (measured by
attaching DMM parallel to capacitor) and also the time of discharging for this interval. Once done we
short-circuit the capacitor using some wire and repeat the process.

Circuit Diagram:
The RC Time Constant (t) of a Capacitor is the amount of time it takes for a capacitor to charge to 63% of
the supply voltage which is charging it. For capacitors that are fully charged, the RC time constant is the
amount of time it takes for a capacitor to discharge to 63% of its fully charged voltage.

The formula to calculate the time constant is:

Time Constant (t)=RC

The unit for the time constant is seconds (s)

Find time for charging and discharging experimently

Use time for charging in the formula to calculate max voltage stored in capacitor during charging and
compare it with the experimental value

V ( c) = V 0 ( 1 – et /RC)

Here V 0 voltage of batter , t is time for charging , R is resistance attached , C is capacitance of capacitor

The graph will be as follows of charging and discharging

READINGS AND CALCULATIONS

Vbattery(Volt) Resistance(kΩ) Capacitance(µF) Vexp(Volt) Vtheory(Volt) tcharging tdischarging

1.5 100.4 100 1.414 1.490 60 63
1.5 105.0 100 1.249 1.497 67 65
1.5 220.0 100 1.253 1.476 91 120

By kirchoff’s voltage law:

Vi=Vr+Vc
we use I=C(dV/dt)

. The resistor and capacitor share the same current, so:

Ir=Ic=C(dVc/dt)

KVL equation:

Vr=RIr=RIc=RC(dv/dt)
Vi=RC(dVc/dt)+Vc

This is a first-order linear differential equation. Using, some algebra, you can rearrange it into
a solvable form:

RC(dVc/dt)=Vi−Vc
dVc/(Vi−Vc )=dt(RC)

Integrating both sides gives:

−ln(Vi−Vc)=t/(RC)+C0
by moving the negative sign and making both sides a power of e

Vi−Vc=e^(−t/(RC)+C0)=e^( −t/(RC) ) * e^C0

C0 is a constant of integration, so e^C+0 is also a constant. We rename it to C1

for convenience:

Vi−Vc=C1 e^(−t/RC)

At the start we know that Vc=0 and t=0

Vi−0=C1 e^(−0/RC)=C1*1
 C1=Vi

Put the value in the equation:

Vi−Vc=Vi e^(−t/RC)
Vc=Vi−Vi e^(−t/RC)
Vc=Vi ( 1−e^(−t/RC) )

CONCLUSION

In this lab we determined how capacitors behave in R-C circuits. Capacitors combination was also
studied. We also combined different capacitors with a high resistance, and measured the charging
and discharging time.