Fluid Mechanics  

Presented by : Roba Said Alrtemi

ID : 022150834
Outlines
 Introduction
 Types of fluid
 Energy conservation
 Reynolds Number
 Volumetric flow rate
 Mass flow rate
 Pump efficiency
 Roughness
 Pressure drop
  friction Factor
 Head loss
 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics is the part of physics that deals with the

action of fluids, static or in motion, as well as the applications
and engineering devices used with fluids. Fluid Mechanics is
essential in such diverse fields as chemical engineering, civil
. and industrial engineering, Meteorology
TYPES OF FLOW
According to Reynolds Number, flow in a pipe can be categorized into
three different types. They are:
 Laminar flow
characterized by smooth streamlines and highly ordered motion.

 Turbulent flow
characterized by velocity fluctuations and highly disordered motion

 transition flow
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not occur suddenly;
rather, it occurs over some region in which the flow fluctuates between
laminar and turbulent flows before it becomes fully turbulent.
Energy conservation
 Bernoulli's equation is obtained by applying the Energy Conservation
law to a fluid . The energy of a flowing fluid consists of different
types of energies: the internal energy and the energy due to pressure

 For any incompressible flow in a pipe, Bernoulli’s principle is the

governing equation. This equation is valid only for incompressible
fluid which does not change its density or volume with the change in
pressure. It is as follows:

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] −𝐡
𝟐 𝟐
𝐏𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝐏𝟏 𝐕𝟏
𝐳 𝟐+ + = 𝐳 𝟏+ + 𝐟
𝛒𝐠 𝟐𝐠 𝛒𝐠 𝟐𝐠
Reynolds Number
 Osborne Reynolds investigations have shown that the flow regime in
pipeline, whether Laminar or Turbulent, depends on the pipe diameter,
fluid density, viscosity and fluid flow rate.
 The flow is laminar when Reynolds number is less than 2300

 The flow is turbulent when Reynolds number greater than 4000

 The flow is transitional when Reynolds number is in between 2300

and 4000
 The ratio is called the Reynolds number and is expressed for internal
flow in a circular pipe as :
𝑫𝑽 𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝝆 𝑫𝑽 𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝑹𝒆= =
𝝂 𝝁
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
 It is the measure of volume of a substance through a given area over a
given time. In formula,
𝐦˙
Where: 𝐐=
=mass flow rate
𝛒

MASS FLOW RATE

 It is the measure of mass of a substance passing through a given area
of a surface at a given time. It can be calculated from following
equation:

Where,
𝒎=𝝆×𝝂×𝚨
˙
v = velocity of fluid;
A = Cross-sectional area of pipe.
For pipes of constant diameter and incompressible flow Vavg stays the
same down the pipe, even if the velocity profile changes Why?
Conservation of Mass

same same
Vavg Vavg same

For pipes with variable diameter, is still the same due to conservation of
mass, but V1 ≠ V2
D1

D2

V1 m V2 m
2

1
PUMP EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a pressure pump (η) is a dimensionless quantity which the
ratio of the power developed by the flow to the power required to drive
the pump.

Where,
Q = volumetric flow rate;
ΔΡ = pressure head of pump
 ROUGHNESS

  roughness is a property of a material, its value unlike friction factor,

is constant. Roughness is very effective in fully developed turbulent
flow whereas its presence is negligible in laminar flow.

 The different between absolute and relative roughness is that the

relative roughness depends on the diameter of the pipe

 The relative roughness is defined by the absolute roughness divided

by the inside diameter of the pipe e/d
 PRESSURE DROP
Pressure drop occurs when there is a decrease in pressure from one point
in a pipe to another point downstream. Pressure drop is due to frictional
forces on the fluid as it flows through the pipe. The frictional forces are
caused by a resistance to flow. The main factors contributes resistance to
fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid viscosity. Tube
convergence, divergence, surface roughness and other physical
properties will also affect the pressure drop. High flow velocities or high
fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a section of pipe.
Low velocity will result in lower or no pressure drop. In turbulence flow,
high velocity fluid is involved therefore the pressure drop is greater than
the pressure drop in laminar or transitional flow.
The pressure drop for laminar flow can be expressed as :
𝟖 𝛍 𝐋 𝐕 𝐚𝐯𝐠 𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝛍 𝐋 𝐕 𝐚𝐯𝐠
∆ 𝐏=𝐏 𝟏 −𝐏 𝟐= 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝐑 𝐃
FRICTION FACTOR:
 The friction factor for laminar flow conditions depends only on the
Reynolds number, but in turbulent flow it also depends on Reynolds
number and the pipe wall roughness e/d

 the friction factor decreases faster with increasing Reynolds number,

compared to pipes walls with higher roughness.

 In fluid mechanics there are two major friction factors:

 Darcy friction factor
 Moody friction factor
FRICTION IN LAMINAR FLOW
 
Darcy equation and Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be solved to create a
new equation for friction factor in laminar flow. In laminar flow the
factor doesn’t change over the range of laminar flow, so when one in
using a chart or graphical solution it is fairly easy to determine which
factor is presented.
The equation describes the friction as a function of Reynolds number
only.
𝟔𝟒
𝐟=
𝐑𝐞
FRICTION IN TURBULENT FLOW
 
 Unpredictable behaviour of fluid particles in turbulent flow regime
creates complications in calculating friction factor.  

 the friction in turbulent flow is affected by wall roughness of pipe.

There are two widely accepted methods involving friction in turbulent
flow:
 COLEBROOK EQUATION
 MOODY DIAGRAM
COLEBROOK EQUATION
 
Colebrook formulated an equation to calculate friction factor in
turbulent flow . This equation is valid for both smooth and rough pipes. 

[ ]
𝒆
𝟏 𝒅 𝟐 .𝟓
=− 𝟐 .𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +
√𝒇 𝟑 .𝟕 𝑹𝒆 √ 𝒇

Where:
e = absolute wall roughness;
= relative roughness
MOODY DIAGRAM
 The Moody chart or Moody
Diagram is a graph in non
dimensional form that relates the
Darcy friction factor and
reynolds number and surface
roughness for fully developed
flow in circular pipe it can be
used to predict pressure drop
 The Moody diagram is used to
help determine the value of the
friction factor for turbulent flow
 The value of the reynolds
number and the relative
roughness must be known
HEAD LOSS
Head loss represents the loss of energy while a fluid flows through a
certain length of pipe. It is normally expressed in Pressure/Pascal or
length/meters. Depending on the flow, its value might depend on height,
bends, friction, velocity and diameter of pipe. In a straight section of
pipe, friction is the only cause of head loss.

1. HEAD LOSS IN LAMINAR FLOW

 Hagen-Poiseuille equation is used to calculate the head loss in laminar
flow in conduits : 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝛍 𝐥𝐐
∆𝐏= 𝟐
𝛑𝐝
 In the equation, the head loss is denoted in the form of pressure
difference (ΔP) across the sectional length of pipe, l = sectional
length.
2. HEAD LOSS IN TURBULENT FLOW

Darcy equation is effectively used to measure head loss in turbulent

regions of fluid flow. The equation was developed by a Henry Darcy, a
French engineer in 1857. His equation consists of a new term called
friction factor, also known as Darcy friction factor.
𝟐
𝐟𝐥 𝐯
𝐡𝐟 =
Where: 𝟐𝐠𝐝
= head loss due to friction
f = friction factor,
v = average velocity of fluid,
g = acceleration due to gravity
d = inner diameter of pipe.
 
Thank you