Nozzles and Diffusers

• Nozzle--a device which accelerates a fluid

as the pressure is decreased.

V1, p1 V2, p2

This configuration is for subsonic flow.

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 Nozzles and Diffusers

• Diffuser--a device which decelerates a

fluid and increases the pressure.

V1, p1 V2, p2

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General shapes of nozzles and
diffusers

Subsonic Flow

Nozzle Diffuser

Supersonic Flow

Nozzle Diffuser

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 Common assumptions for
nozzles and diffusers

• Steady state, steady flow.

• Nozzles and diffusers do no work and

use no work.

• Potential energy changes are usually

small.

• Sometimes adiabatic.

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We start our analysis of diffusers
and nozzles with the conservation
of mass

If we have steady state, steady flow,

then:
dm CV
dt
0
And

m 1  m 2  m

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We continue with conservation of
energy
dE CV    Vi 2  Ve2
 Q WCV  m[( h i  h e )   g( z i  z e )]  0
dt 2
We can simplify by dividing by mass flow:
0 0 V V 2 2 0
q  w  ( h 2  h1 )  2
 g( z 2  z 1 )
1
2
Applying the definition that
w=0 and using some other
assumptions...
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 We can rearrange to get a much
simpler expression:

V V
2 2
( h 2  h1 )  1 2
2
With a nozzle or diffuser, we are converting
flow energy and internal energy, represented
by Dh into kinetic energy, or vice-versa.

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Throttling Devices (Valves)

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 Throttles (throttling devices)

• A major purpose of a throttling device is

to restrict flow or cause a pressure drop.

• A major category of throttling devices is

valves.

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 Typical assumptions for throttling
devices
• Do no work, have no work done on them

• Potential energy changes are zero

• Kinetic energy changes are usually small

• Heat transfer is usually small

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 Look at energy equation:
Apply assumptions from previous page:
0 2 0
0 0 V  V1
2
q  w  (h2  h1 )  2
 g(z 2  z1 )
2
We obtain: (h2  h1 )  0

or h2  h1

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 Look at implications:

If fluid is an ideal gas:

(h2  h1 )  c p (T2  T1 )  0

cp is always a positive number, thus:

T2  T1

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 Turbine

• A turbine is device in which work is

produced by a gas passing over and
through a set of blades fixed to a shaft
which is free to rotate.

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 Turbines
We’ll assume steady state,

V V
2 2
q  w  (h2  h1 ) 2 1
 g(z 2  z1 )
2

Sometimes Almost always

neglected neglected

q  w  (h2  h1 )
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 Turbines

• We will draw turbines like this:

inlet

maybe q
outlet 16
Compressors, pumps, and fans

• Machines developed to make life easier,

decrease world anxiety, and provide
challenging problems for engineering
students.
• Machines which do work on a fluid to
raise its pressure, potential, or speed.
• Mathematical analysis proceeds the
same as for turbines, although the
signs may differ.

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 Primary differences

• Compressor - used to raise the pressure of

a compressible fluid
• Pump - used to raise pressure or potential
of an incompressible fluid
• Fan - primary purpose is to move large
amounts of gas, but usually has a small
pressure increase

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Compressors, pumps, and fans

Side view End view

Axial flow
Compressor Centrifugal pump
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