Steady flow of Gas

Pipe Roughness
Average Pressure in Pipelines
Nozzle and Diffuser
 Nozzles and Diffusers

• Nozzle--a device which accelerates a fluid

as the pressure is decreased.

V1, p1 V2, p2

This configuration is for subsonic flow.

 Nozzles and Diffusers

• Diffuser--a device which decelerates a

fluid and increases the pressure.

V1, p1 V2, p2
General shapes of nozzles and
diffusers

Subsonic Flow

Nozzle Diffuser

Supersonic Flow

Nozzle Diffuser

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 Common assumptions for nozzles
and diffusers

• Steady state, steady flow.

• Nozzles and diffusers do no work and

use no work.

• Potential energy changes are usually

small.

• Sometimes adiabatic.

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 Sample problem:diagram and basic
information

INLET V1 Diffuser OUTLET

V2
T1=300C
P1=100 kPa P2=167 kPa

V1=250 m/s V2=35 m/s

m = 7 kg/s

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 Sample Problem: apply basic
equations
Conservation of Mass

1  m
m 2  m

V1 A1 V2 A2
m  
ν1 ν2
Solve for A2
m ν2
A2 
V2
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 How do we get specific volumes?
Remember ideal gas equation of state?

P  RT
or
RT1 RT2
1  and 2 
P1 P2
We know T1 and P1, so v1 is simple. We
know P2, but what about T2?

NEED ENERGY EQUATION!!!!

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 Sample problem - con’t
Energy
V22  V12
q  w  (h2  h1 )   g(z2  z1 )
2
V12  V22
(h2  h1 ) 
2
V1 and V2 are given. We need h2 to get T2
and v2.
If we assumed constant specific heats,
we could get T2 directly
V V
2 2
c p(T2  T1 )  1 2
2 69
 Sample problem - con’t
However, use variable specific heats...get h1
from air tables at
T1 = 300+273 = 573 K.
kJ
h1  578.73
kg
From energy equation:

kJ  (250) 2  (35) 2  m 2  3 kJ s 2 
h 2  578.73    2 10 
2 
kg  2  s  kg m 
kJ
h 2  609.4 This corresponds to an exit
kg temperature of 602.2 K.

70
 Now we can get solution.
3
RT2 m
2   1.0352
P2 kg
and  kg  m 3
 7 1.0352 
m ν2  s  kg 
A2  
V2  m 
 4 m 2

 35 10 2 

 s  cm 
A 2  2070 cm 2

71