8-61

Solution A horizontal water pipe has an abrupt expansion. The water velocity and pressure in the smaller
diameter pipe are given. The pressure after the expansion and the error that would have occurred if the Bernoulli
Equation had been used are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady, horizontal, and incompressible. 2 The flow at both the inlet and the outlet is
fully developed and turbulent with kinetic energy corrections factors of 1 = 2 = 1.06 (given).
Properties We take the density of water to be r = 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis Noting that  = const. (incompressible flow), the downstream velocity of water is

A1 D12 / 4 D12 (0.08 m) 2

m  2  V1 A1  V 2 A2  V 2 
1 m V1  V1  V1  (10 m/s)  2.5 m/s
A2 D 22 / 4 D 22 (0.16 m) 2
The loss coefficient for sudden expansion and the head loss can be calculated from
2
  2 2 2 2
KL
A
  1  small    1  D1    1  0.08   0.5625
 2
 Alarge  
 D 22   0.16 2 
 
1
V2 (10 m/s) 2 Water 8 cm 16 cm
h L  K L 1  (0.5625)  2.87 m
2g 2(9.81 m/s 2 ) 10 m/s
Noting that z1 = z2 and there are no pumps or turbines 300 kPa
involved, the energy equation for the expansion section
can be expressed in terms of heads as
P1 V2 P V2 P1 V2 P V2
  1 1  z1  hpump,u  2   2 2  z 2  hturbine,e  hL    1 1  2   2 2  hL
g 2g g 2g g 2 g g 2g
Solving for P2 and substituting,
 2
 1V1   2V 2
2 

P2  P1     gh L 

 2 

1.06(10 m/s ) 2  1.06(2.5 m/s) 2
 
 1 kN  1
 (300 kPa)  (1000 kg/m 3 )   (9.81 m/s 2 )( 2.87 m)  

 2  1000 kg  m/s  1 k

 322 kPa
Therefore, despite the head (and pressure) loss, the pressure increases from 300 kPa to 321 kPa after the expansion.
This is due to the conversion of dynamic pressure to static pressure when the velocity is decreased.
When the head loss is disregarded, the downstream pressure is determined from the Bernoulli equation to
be
P1 V12 P V2 P1 V12 P2 V 22 V1 2  V2 2
  z1  2  2  z 2      P1  P1  
g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g 2
Substituting,
(10 m/s) 2  ( 2.5 m/s) 2  1 kN  1 kPa 
P2  (300 kPa)  (1000 kg/m 3 )     347 kPa
 1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
2 2

Therefore, the error in the Bernoulli equation is Error = P2, Bernoulli – P2 = 347 – 322 = 25.0 kPa
Note that the use of the Bernoulli equation results in an error of (347 – 322) / 322 = 0.078 or 7.8%.
Discussion It is common knowledge that higher pressure upstream is necessary to cause flow, and it may come
as a surprise that the downstream pressure has increased after the abrupt expansion, despite the loss. This is because
the sum of the three Bernoulli terms which comprise the total head, consisting of pressure head, velocity head, and
elevation head, namely [P/g + ½V2/g+ z], drives the flow. With a geometric flow expansion, initially higher
velocity head is converted to downstream pressure head, and this increase outweighs the non-convertible and non-
recoverable head loss term.

8-69E
Solution The flow rate through a piping system connecting two reservoirs is given. The elevation of the
source is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is
fully developed. 3 The elevations of the reservoirs remain constant. 4 There are no pumps or turbines in the piping
system.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 70F are  = 62.30 lbm/ft3 and  = 2.360 lbm/fth =
6.55610 lbm/fts. The roughness of cast iron pipe is  = 0.00085 ft.
-4

Analysis The piping system involves 120 ft of 2-in diameter piping, a well-rounded entrance (KL = 0.03), 4
standard flanged elbows (KL = 0.3 each), a fully open gate valve (KL = 0.2), and a sharp-edged exit (KL = 1.0). We
choose points 1 and 2 at the free surfaces of the two reservoirs. Noting that the fluid at both points is open to the
atmosphere (and thus P1 = P2 = Patm), the fluid velocities at both points are zero (V1 = V2 =0), the free surface of the
lower reservoir is the reference level (z2 = 0), and that there is no pump or turbine (hpump,u = hturbine = 0), the energy
equation for a control volume between these two points simplifies to

P1 V2 P V2
  1 1  z1  h pump, u  2   2 2  z 2  h turbine, e  h L  z1  h L
g 2g g 2g
 L V2
where h L  h L , total  h L ,major  h L ,minor   f K L 

 D  2g
1
since the diameter of the piping system is constant. The average velocity
in the pipe and the Reynolds number are
V V 10/60 ft 3 /s
V     7.64 ft/s
Ac D 2 / 4  (2 / 12 ft) 2 / 4
VD (62.3 lbm/ft 3 )(7.64 ft/s)(2/12 ft) z1
Re    60,700
 1.307  10  3 lbm/ft  s 120 ft
2 in
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The relative
roughness of the pipe is 2
10 ft3/min
0.00085 ft
/D  0.0051
2 / 12 ft
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid
the reading error, we determine it from the Colebrook equation using an
equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  0.0051 2.51 
 2.0 log     2.0 log  
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 60,700 f 
   
It gives f = 0.0320. The sum of the loss coefficients is

K L  K L,entrance  4 K L ,elbow  K L, valve  K L ,exit  0.03  4  0.3  0.2  1.0  2.43

Then the total head loss and the elevation of the source become
2 2
 L V  120 ft  (7.64 ft/s)
hL   f
 D
  KL    (0.0320)
 2g  2/12 ft
 2.43
 2(32.2 ft/s 2 )
 23.1 ft

z1  h L  23.1 ft
Therefore, the free surface of the first reservoir must be 23.1 ft above the free surface of the lower reservoir to
ensure water flow between the two reservoirs at the specified rate.
Discussion Note that fL/D = 23.0 in this case, which is almost 10 folds of the total minor loss coefficient.
Therefore, ignoring the sources of minor losses in this case would result in an error of about 10%.

8-76E
Solution The flow rate through a piping system between a river and a storage tank is given. The power input
to the pump is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is
fully developed. 3 The flow is turbulent so that the tabulated value of the loss coefficients can be used (to be
verified). 4 The elevation difference between the free surfaces of the tank and the river remains constant. 5 The
effect of the kinetic energy correction factor is negligible,  = 1.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 70F are  = 62.30 lbm/ft3 and  = 2.360 lbm/fth =
6.55610 lbm/fts. The roughness of galvanized iron pipe is  = 0.0005 ft.
-4

Analysis The piping system involves 125 ft of 5-in diameter piping, an entrance with negligible loses, 3
standard flanged 90 smooth elbows (KL = 0.3 each), and a sharp-edged exit (KL = 1.0). We choose points 1 and 2 at
the free surfaces of the river and the tank, respectively. We note that the fluid at both points is open to the
atmosphere (and thus P1 = P2 = Patm), and the fluid velocity is 6 ft/s at point 1 and zero at point 2 (V1 = 6 ft/s and V2
=0). We take the free surface of the river as the reference level (z1 = 0). Then the energy equation for a control
volume between these two points simplifies to

P1 V2 P V2 V12
  1 1  z1  hpump, u  2   2 2  z 2  hturbine, e  h L  1  hpump, u  z 2  h L
g 2g g 2g 2g
where 1 = 1 and 2
2
 L V
h L  h L , total  h L, major  h L ,minor   f
 D
  KL  2
 2g
since the diameter of the piping system is constant. The average velocity in 5 in
Water
the pipe and the Reynolds number are 125 ft tank
12 ft
V V 1.5 ft 3 /s
V     11 .0 ft/s
Ac D 2 / 4  (5 / 12 ft) 2 / 4 1 1.5 ft3/s
VD (62.3 lbm/ft 3 )(11.0 ft/s)(5/12 ft)
Re    435,500River
  4
6.556  10 lbm/ft  s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The relative roughness of the pipe is
0.0005 ft
/D  0.0012
5 / 12 ft
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to avoid the reading error, we determine it from the
Colebrook equation using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  0.0012 2.51 
 2.0 log     2.0 log  
f  3 .7 Re f  f  3.7 435,500 f 
   
It gives f = 0.0211. The sum of the loss coefficients is

K L  K L ,entrance  3K L,elbow  K L ,exit  0  3  0.3  1.0  1.9

Then the total head loss becomes

2 2
 L V  125 ft  (11 .0 ft/s)
hL   f
 D
  KL    (0.0211)
 2g  5/12 ft
 1.90 
 2(32.2 ft/s 2 )
 15.5 ft

The useful pump head input and the required power input to the pump are
 V12 (6 ft/s) 2
h pump, u  z 2  h L   12  15.5   26.9 ft
2g 2(32.2 ft/s 2 )
W pump, u V  ghpump, u
W pump  
pump  pump


 1.5 ft /s   62.30 lbm/ft   32.2 ft/s   26.9 ft  
3 3 2
1 lbf  1 kW 
 2    4.87 kW
0.70  32.2 lbm  ft/s  737 lbf  ft/s 
Therefore, 4.87 kW of electric power must be supplied to the pump.

Discussion The friction factor could also be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation. It would give f
= 0.0211, which is identical to the calculated value. The friction coefficient would drop to 0.0135 if smooth pipes
were used. Note that fL/D = 6.3 in this case, which is about 3 times the total minor loss coefficient of 1.9. Therefore,
the frictional losses in the pipe dominate the minor losses, but the minor losses are still significant.