FLUID

DYNAMICS
 FLUID DYNAMICS
Fluid --dynamics
deals with the mechanics of fluids in
deals with fluid flow in motion.
motion.
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics
- deals with the dynamics of fluids, especially incompressible fluids in
-motion.
deals with the dynamics of liquids,
especially incompressible liquids in motion.
Aerodynamics
- concerned with studying the motiom of air.
Aerodynamics
- concerned with the mechanics of moving air.
 Characteristics of fluid flow
Characteristics of fluid flow
1.1. “laminar”
Laminarororturbulent
Turbulent
2. Fluid dynamics
Streamline Rough flow
Streamline Rough flow
- Smooth flow - Stormy weather
- Smooth flow - Stormy weather

3.2. Compressible
Compressibleor or
“Incompressible”
Incompressible

4.3. Viscous
Viscousoror
“Non-viscous”
Non-viscous

5.4. Rotatinal or Irrotational

Rotational or Irrotational
 Flow rate, R or Q
Amount of effluent coming out from an orifice or
Flow rate, R
opening per unit time.

Mass Flux = Mass/Time

Amount of efficient coming out from an orifice per unit time.
Expressed in kg/sec , slug/sec , gram/sec
Mass Flux = Mass/Time
Kg/sec , Slug/sec , G/sec
Volumetric Flux = volume/time

VolumetricExpressed
Flux = volume/time
in liter/sec , mL/sec, cc/sec,
gallon/min
L/sec , mL/sec, cc/sec, Gal/sec
 R = V = AL = Av
= AL t= Av
R=V t
t
t
If,
Rk R
R = Av
; R = Av R  Av A
v
1
1
V1 = V2 A v
2
R1 = R2 
A1V1 = A2V2 Equation of continuity

Vol1 = Vol2 R 1 = R2

A1v1 = A2v2 Equation of continuity

SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
SAMPLE PROBLEMS :

1. Figure shows how a stream of H2O emerging from a faucet “necks down” as it
falls. The cross-sectional area A0=1.2cm2 and that of A=.35cm2. The two levels
are separated by a vertical distance h=45mm. At what rate does water flow from
the tap? How long a time in minutes will it take to fill a 4 gallons capacity level?

R? R?
1 2
v
R   Av
h  dy  V0 y  gt v
A1
A0
t 2 V 2 2 R   Av
h
h
V 0 2 gh t
A V222  V21 2 2 gh
A2 V  V0 2 gh
2 2
V
V 2
2 V
0.22917
2 ghV2  2 gh
2 1
R1  R2 V 2
 (.2917 2
 2(9.81m / s )( 4.5 x10 3 m)
V2V2) 2 gh
2
V22 2  .2917
A1V1  A2V2 0
V.29149
2
V22 
 (.2917 V20).28829
 2(9m
2
.81m/ s/ s )( 4.5 x10 3 m)
AV2 .35cm 2 (V2 ) .9149V02
 .8829 2
V1   2 .8829 m / s/ s
2m
A0 1.2cm 2 V2 
m2 / s
0.9149
.8829
V2 
V1  .2917V2 .9149
V2  0.9824m / s
V2  .9824m / s
 R1  R2
R1  R2
R  A2V2
R  A2 v2
R  .35cm3 (98.24cm / s )
2
R  0.35cm
R  34(.98
384.cm
243 cm
/ s / s)
R  34.384cm 3 / s
3.785L 1000cc
4 galx 3.x785L  15140
1000 cccc
4 galx
1gal 1L x  15140cc
1gal 1L
v
Rv
R t
t
vv
t
t  
R
R
15140cccc
15140
t t
34..384
34 cccc
384 / s/ s
t t 440
440..321
321
ss
or
or
7.34 min
7.34 min
2.2.H₂O
H₂Ois is pumped
pumped steadily steadilyout of of
out a flooded
a flooded basement
basement at a speed of 5.3 mps
at a speed of 10.0 mps
through aa uniform
through uniformhose hoseof of
diameter
diameter 9.7mm.25 mm. The hose The passes throughout
hose passes through the
the window
window, 2.90 2.90m above the
m above the H₂O
2.1 mline.
deep How H₂O. much Howpower muchis supplied
powerby is supplied
the pump?
by the pump?
P?
P?
VV  5.10
3m.0 / sm / s W Fd Fh
3 3
P   W ; FFd LIFT  W Fh
LOAD
DD  9.7 x 10
25 x10 m m t P t  t   ; FLIFT  WLOAD
h h 2.590 m mgh vgh t t t
m P     ghR
t tmgh Vgh
  1000kg / m 3 3
  1000kg / m P    ghR
t t
ghR
P P ghR
1000kg
R  Av P 1000
 kg (9.81m / s 2 )( 4 3
2 2.9m)(3.917 x10 m / 3s ) 3
R  Av 3 2 P m 3
3
(9.81m / s )(5.0m)(4.909 x10 m / s )
 (9.7 x10 m) (5.3m / s) m kg.m m
R 3 2 P  11 . 143 
 (25 x104 m) (10.0m / s ) kg
s 2 .m
s m
R P  240 . 774 
4 m
3
v4 v  3.917m 3 kg.m N .m s 2 J s
R  3.917 x10 ;  
s tm 3 t  1s kg .ms2 N sm
.
2
Js
R  4.909 x10 3
P 
2  11 .1432watts

s s s s
P  240.774watts
P  0.323horsepower
BERNOULLIS’ PRINCIPLE
Daniel Bernoulli (Swiss)

P1  P2 F2=P2V2
 F  PA
F1  F2 ∆h=h2-h1
V1  V2
m1  m 2
F1=P1V1
m  V
P1  P2
F  F  PA
 F
PP F1  F2
AA
V1  V2
m1  m 2
m  V
 ∆W = W₁ – W₂
∆KE = KE₂ – KE₁
∆W = W₁ – W₂
∆PE= PE₂ – PE₁ KE = ½ mV² = ½ ρ VV²
∆KE = KE₂ – KE₁
PE = mgh = ρVgh
∆PE= PE₂ – PE₁
∆W = ∆KE + ∆PE
W₁= –FdW₂ = KE₂ – KE1 + PE₂ – PE₁
W ∆W = ∆KE + ∆PE
= W₁ – W₂ = KE₂ – KE1 + PE₂ – PE₁
PAd
P₁W=
V₁ – PV
P₂ V₂ = ½P V₂ V₂² - ½P₁ V₁ V₁² + P₂V₂ g h₂ - P₁V₁ ₁g
P₁ V₁ – P₂ V₂ = ½ ρ V₂ v₂² - ½ρ V₁ v₁² + ρ V₂ g h₂ - ρ V₁ g h₁
h₁
P₁-P₂ = ½ ρ ( v₂²- v₁² ) + ρg (h₂-h₁)
P₁-P₂ = ½ P ( V₂²- V₁² ) + ρg (h₂-h₁)

Pressure Velocity Elevation

Pressure Velocity Elevation
Head Head Head
Head Head Head
1
P V 1 P = V P = V
 P VP = V
 P = V
 TORRICELLI’S
TORRICELLI’S THEOREMTHEOREM
states thatTorricelli
Evangelista the speed v of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged
hole at the bottom of the tank filled to a depth h is the same as the speed
that a body would acquire in falling
P = Pfreely from a height h.
1 2

P1 P 1 = P2
P1 V1 = 0
V1 h1 =o V1 = 0
h2 =0
1 2 1
V1 0  0v2 ghv 2  gh
2 2
2
1 2
gh  v2 1 2
2 gh  v2
2
P2 2 gh  v2 Freefall

P2 2 gh  v2 Freefall
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A tank :
is filled with water to a height H. A hole is punched
in one of the walls at a depth Y below the water surface.
1.A tank is filled with water to a height H. A hole is punch in one of the walls
HowY below
at a depth far from the base
the water of the
surface. Howtank willthe
far from the water
base of thestrike.
tank will
the water strike.
V  2 gy V0 x  V0
0
V0
V  2 gy
V  V0 V0 y  0
V  V0
V0
1 2
dy  V0 y  gt
V
y
1 2
dx  V0 xt; V0 x  Vdx0  V0 xt;
2
dy  H  y V0 y  0dx  V0t
H Hy gt
y 2
H dy 2( H  y ) 1 2 2( H  y )
 t2 Hy gt dx  2 gy 
g 2 g
dx
2( H dxy ) V0t2
V 2( H  y ) t dx  4 y ( H  y )
t g 2( H  y )
1 2 g dx  2 gy 
dy  V0 y  gt 2( H  y ) gdx  2 y ( H  y )
2 dy t
dy  H  y dx g  4 y( H  y)
dx  2 y ( H  y )
dx
2. Gasoline leaks out on the hole ½ inch in diameter at the buttom of the
2.tank
Gasoline leaks
at the rate of 10 out on How
gal/min. the high
holeis ½ inchininthediameter
gasoline tank. at
the =bottom
ρgasoline 0.68 g/cc of the tank at the rate of 10 gal/min.
How high is the gasoline in the tank.
Reynolds Number, (NR)
Determines the nature of flow.

NR=ρDv a unitless quantity

η
Laminar vs. turbulent
NR ≤ 2000 laminar
NR > 3000 turbulent

2000 < Nr < 3000 shifting/chaotic

Sample problem
1. Calculate the greatest speed at which blood at 37 oC can
flow through an artery of diameter 3.8 mm, if the flow is to
remain laminar.
ηblood= 4x10-3 poiseuille, ρblood=1.06g/cc

NR = 2000
vmAX=?
ρ= 1060kg/m3
D= 3.8x10-3m
ηblood= 4x10-3 Pa-s

Vmax = NR(η) = _2000(4x10-3Pa-s)__ = 1.99m/s

ρD (1060kg/m3)(3.8x10-3m)
2.)A Newtonian fluid with a dynamic or absolute
viscosity of 0.38 Ns/m2 and a specific gravity of 0.91
flows through a 25 mm diameter pipe with a velocity
of 2.6 m/s. Compute for reynold’s number.
Sol’n
NR = ρDv
η
= (910 kg/m3) (25 x 10-3 m) (2.6 m/s)
(0.38 Ns/m2)
Kg*m*m*m2 /m3*s*N*s
= 156 (kgm/s )/N
2
Kgm4/m3*s2*N
Kg*m/s2*N
= 156 ~ Laminar flow (Kgm/s2)/N
N/N
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
internal resistance to fluid flow.

proposed by Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

Coefficient of viscosity, ή (eta)

ή ≈ more viscous

Units of Viscosity Coefficient, η

pascal-second, Pa.s Poiseuille, Pl
poise centipoise, cP

Conversion factors:
1 Pa · sec = 1 Poiseuille = 10 poises
1 poise = 100 centipoises
How Viscosity Affects Substances

Let's say that you work with machinery that uses petroleum. If your oil's viscosity becomes too
high, the oil's flow will be restricted. As a result, your machinery's components will starve of the
lubrication they need.
This will, in turn, lead to premature metal-on-metal death.

Also, let's say that you have a gearbox that uses oil. If the oil is too thick due to cold temperatures,
the gear will have to push chunks of the lubricant away. The oil will therefore not reach the other
housing components that require lubrication.
In addition, your machinery startup torque will be higher if the viscosity of your oil is too high. The
end result will be massive energy consumption due to excessive friction, or even a major failure. 

Simply put, if you don't take steps to protect your substances' viscosity in cold weather, this can
make your equipment unreliable. After all, all lubricants and machines come with practical limits
with regard to their operating temperatures.
Using substances that are too viscous can also pose a safety concern.
 SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SAE Society of Automotive Engineer
Motor Oils are Graded as
SAE
SAE# #1010
– less viscous
– less viscous
SAE
SAE# #2020 multi-grade oil (not too thin, not too thick)
SAE
SAE# #3030
– high viscous
– highly viscous
V
F
ή A

F α A F 1 S F = Force S = thickness
F α ή A = Area V = speed / velocity
α
F α V ή = coefficient viscosity

Fs N m
 Pa · sec
Av m2  m / s
 Fs
SAE Society of Automotive Engineer

SAE # 10 – less viscous Av
SAE # 20
SAE # 30 – high viscous

V
F
ή A

F α A F 1 S F = Force S = thickness
F α ή F = Force
α A = Area V = speed / velocity
F α V ή = coefficient viscosity S = thickness of fluid layer
A = Area
v = speed / velocity
Fs N m ή = coefficient viscosity
 Pa · sec
Av m2  m / s
HAGEN-POISUILLE’S
POISUILLE EQUATION : PRINCIPLE
V Heinrich Ludwig Hagen and
Gotthilf
R  Av
t
Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

“The volume of a homogeneous fluid passing per

unit time through a capillary tube is directly
proportional to the pressure difference between its
ends and to the fourth power of its internal radius,
and inversely 1
proportional to its length and to the
RD
viscosity ofR the
L
fluid.”
1 Rp
R 

r 2 p
R
8L
POISUILLE EQUATION :

V
R  Av
t

R or

1 1
R  R L RD R  p
 1

R L RD

1 Rp
R 

r 2 p
R
8L
1. A grease nipple on a car has a hole 0.5mm in diameter and
5mm long, if the viscosity of the grease is 80Pl, find the
pressure needed to force 1cc of grease to the nipple in 10sec.
How many times atmospheric pressure is this?

p  ?
V  1cc v 1cc 1m 3 7 3
R  x 6
 1x10 m /s
t  10 sec t 10 sec 1x10 cc
L  5mm
D  .5mm
  80 Pa  s
p 2.61x10 7 Pa
X  / 1atm  257.651atm
8 RL 3
Patm 1.013x10 Pa
p 
r 4
8(1x107 m 3 / s)(80 N / m 2  s)(5 x103 m)
p 
 (.25 x103 m) 4
p  26075945.88Pa
8 RL
p  2.61x10 Pa 7
p 
r 4
p  ?
V  1cc v 1cc 1m 3 7 3
R  x 6
 1x10 m /s
t  10 sec t 10 sec 1x10 cc
L  5mm
D  .5mm
  80 Pa  s
p 2.61x10 7 Pa
X  / 1atm  257.651atm
8 RL 3
Patm 1.013x10 Pa
p 
r 4
8(1x107 m 3 / s)(80 N / m 2  s)(5 x103 m)
p 
 (.25 x103 m) 4
p  26075945.88Pa
p  2.61x107 Pa
2.1.Castor oilwhich
Castor oil which
has ahas a density
density of 0.96g/ccof 0.96 through
is forced g/cc isa pipe
forcedof through a
pipecircular
of circular cross-section
cross-section by a pump thatbymaintains
a pumpa pressure
that maintains a pressure
differential of
950Pa. Theof
differential pipe950
has aPa.
diameter
The ofpipe
2.6cmhas
and length of 65cm. The
a diameter of oil2.60 cm and
emerging from the end of the pipe is collected. After 1 ½ min a total of
length ofhas
1.23kg 65been
cm.collected.
The oil Whatemerging fromof viscosity
is the coefficient the end of the pipe is
of oil?
collected. After 1 ½ min a total of 1.23kg has been collected.
What is the coefficient of viscosity of oil?
1. Castor oil which has a density of 0.96g/cc is forced through a pipe of
circular cross-section by a pump that maintains a pressure differential of
950Pa. The pipe has a diameter of 2.6cm and length of 65cm. The oil
emerging from the end of the pipe is collected. After 1 ½ min a total of
1.23kg has been collected. What is the coefficient of viscosity of oil?