PEMBEKALAN MATERI PRAKTIKUM

TURBIN FRANCIS

M Zachri Kadir

LAB KONVERSI ENERGI

Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fak Teknik UNSRI
 Jenis-jenis Turbin Air
Turbin Air dapat dibagi DUA kategori:
1.Turbin Reaksi
2.Turbin Impulse

Jenis Turbin Air yang banyak digunakan:

• Turbin Francis. (reaksi)
• Turbin Kaplan /Turbin Propeller (reaksi)
• Turbin Pelton (Impulse)

Pemilihan jenis Turbin dalam penggunaannya bergantung

pada “head” atau ketinggian sumber air yang tersedia.
Turbin Francis
 Turbin Kaplan
(Turbin Propeller)

• Adalah jenis turbin propeller dimana pitch bladenya

dapat diubah untuk meningkatkan performansi.
Turbin Kaplan dapat menghasil daya sebesar 400
Megawatts.
 Turbin Impulse
• Turbin Impulse similar to water wheel
(cupped Blades)
– can be in open environment
– water striking wheel causes it to turn
• Example : Pelton Turbine
• requires high head
• High-head use-
(Vertical drop > 10m)
• High pressure (PSI)
 Turbines can be split into four main groupings
(although they do of course overlap and one may
disagree on where one group starts and ends).

These are :
1. High head - above 100 m
Turbine types are - Pelton, Turgo, High head Francis.
2. Medium Head - 20m to 100m
Turbine types are - Francis, Cross Flow.
3. Low Head - 5m to 20m
Turbine types are - Cross Flow, Propeller, Kaplan.
4. Ultra Low Head - below 5m
Turbine types are - Propeller, Kaplan, Water wheel
Instalasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (Turbin Air)

Head (m)

Flow (m3/s)

Power in kW  7 x Head x Flow

INSTALASI PENGUJIAN TURBIN FRANCIS

5 1. POMPA
2. VALVE
8
4 3. ORIFICE
4. MANOMETER
2
5. DINAMOMETER
7 6 9 6. INLET PRESSURE
1 GAUGE
7. OUTLET PRESSURE
GAUGE
8. TURBIN
9. WEIR V-NOTCH

Lab.Konversi Energi, Tek Mesin FT Unsri

TABEL DATA PENGAMATAN

Bukaan Sudu Putaran Head inlet Head outlet Orife V-notch

H1 H2 Gaya Torsi
Pengarahan α Turbin ΔP hw
F (N)
(mm) N (rpm) (mH2O) (mH2O) (mmHg) (mm)
 Principles of Flow Measurement
1.Based on Conservation of mass
(continuity) :

Massa in = Massa out

m1  m2
m1 m2
1 2 m  Av
A1
v1
A2 1 A1v1   2 A2 v2
v2
incompress ible, 1   2
A1v1  A2 v2  Q

m  Q  1 A1v1   2 A2 v2
 Principles of Flow Measurement
2.Based on conservation of energy :

v2 Energy in = Energy out

P1 v12 P2 v22
  gz1    gz2
1 2 2 2

v1 z2
Bernoulli’s Equation
z1

EFluid  E pressure  Ekinetic  E potensial

 Orifice meter
P
g
 h
Qactual  Cd K h
Qactual
Cd  Q  Coef .disch arg e
ideal
A2


K  2 g  Const .of .device
A2 2
1
A1

•Simple geometry
•Low in cost
•Easy to install
1 2 •Takes almost no space
•Head loss 30-40%
•inaccuracies
 WEIRSMETER
(TRIANGULAR WEIR)

Lw
1
v 2 y
dy
H
dA

V 2 gy
 dQ  V .dA  2 gy .dA
 weirsmeter

U
RECTANGLAR WEIR TRIANGULAR WEIR CIPOLLETTI WEIR
3 3 3
2 8  2
Qactual  C d  Lw  0,2 H  2 g ( H ) 2 Qactual  C d tan . 2 g ( H ) 2 Qactual  C d .L w 2 g ( H ) 2
3 15 2 3

V 2 gy H
Qactual  C d Lw 2 g y  y . dy
 dQ  V .dA  2 gy .dA 0

2
dQtheoritis  2 g y L w . dy  C d Lw 2 g ( H ) 2
3
dQactual  Cd 2 g y L w . dy