Chapter 2

Open channel and their

properties
Chapter 2
Kind of open channels: ‫انواع آبراهه ها‬

 Natural )‫طبیعی(رودخانه ها‬

 Artificial )‫مصنوعی(انتقال آب‬

Chapter 2
 Terminology

 Channel: ‫آبراهه‬
 Canal ‫کانال‬
 Flume: ‫نهر پایه دلر‬
 Chute: ‫تند آبراه‬
 Drop: ‫شیب شکن‬
 Culvert: ‫زیرگذر‬
 Open-flow tunnel: ‫تونل‬
 Usual sections

• Trapezoidal
• Rectangular
• Triangular
• Circular or Horse Shoe for Tunnels
Chapter 2
 Channel geometry

o Prismatic channel: ‫آبراهه منشوری‬

o Non-prismatic channel: having variable width and curved alignment

 Geometric elements of channel section

Chapter 2
Chapter 2
‫‪Chapter 2‬‬
‫‪ Velocity Distribution‬‬

‫در کانال با عرض کمتر و بستر زبرتر سرعت حداکثر بیشتر پائین می رود‬
 L

 pL   gAL Sin 
A,P
   gRS
Chapter 2

Velocity Dip

Velocity dip 0.05 to 0.25 depth

Wider width (10 times the depth) =less velocity dip
Chapter 2
 In energy and momentum equation we use mean velocity that should be
corrected.
Energy equation:

Momentum equation:

:‫توجه‬
‫شبیه سازی جریان به صورت یک بعدی‬
1. Energy Coefficient
 1 V2
mV / mg 
2

2 2g

Q
V dA
A

1 1
dmu 2  dAu 3 u 3 dA
  V 3A
2 2
1 1 3
    V A
3
dAu
2 2
Chapter 2
2. Momentum Coefficient for non uniform velocity distribution or
Boussinesq coefficient

 dA
2
u
 A
V 2A
Chapter 2
For approximate values, the energy and momentum coefficients can be computed by the
following formulas:

  1  2
  1  3 2  3 3
Chapter 2
Example: (Chaudhry, page 15)
y
The velocity distribution in a channel section V  V0 ( ) n
y0
Derive expressions for the energy and momentum coefficients.
Solution
 dA
2

 u
3
u da
  V 3A  A
V 2A
Calculate average velocity

V
 udA
A
Chapter 2
• Find α and β
1

• 1-Circular Under pressure Tunnel u

Vo
y 7
( )
R
• 2-
Distance 4m velocity 1m/s

Distances 2 m and Distance 6m velocity 2 m/s

velocity 2 m/s
Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
d
A Y

PA   gAd  0
P
P   gd Y
P g
d
g
 Z

d
X

PA   gd Cos   0.
Uniform Flow
P   gd Cos 
P
Y Cos 
P g
 d Cos 
g
Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution

P
Y Cos 
g Varied Flow
Curvilinear Flow
Chapter 2 F  ma
V2
b. Curvilinear Flow PA   gAd    Ad
r
P dV 2
 d c c
 g r
P d V2
 dCos  c c
 g r

Cavitation in Chutes and Spillways, H.T. Falvey, USBR Monograph 42, 1991
1388 ،‫ مجله هیدرولیک ایران‬،‫ مدل عددی جریان بر روی جام های پرتابی‬،‫خضزی و زراتی‬