Chapter Pipes-

Pipes-a

Single pipe path system

Dr. Ali Hammoud

1
 Contents

- Solution of single path pipe system.

- Three types of pipe problems
- Pipe Flow chart
- Hazen Williams Equation

2
 Solution of single-
single-path pipe problems

In this section we will discuss three types of the single-

path system, they are listed as follows:
1. Flow conditions at one section are known, as are the
roughness coefficient and the entire pipe geometry. Flow
conditions at some other sections are desired.
2. Pressures at several sections are known, as are the
roughness coefficient and the entire pipe geometry. The
amount of flow rate QV is to be determined.
3. The centerline geometry of the pipe is known, as are
the flow and the pressures at two sections. The proper pipe
diameter for a specified type of pipe material is to be
ascertained for these conditions. See table 11.1

3
 Solution of single-
single-path pipe problems

Variable type 1 type2 type3

Fluid density given given given
& viscosity
Pipe Diameter, given given Determine
Length, & given given given
Roughness
Flow rate QV given Determine given

Pressure drop Determine given given

or hL

Type 1. This is a straightforward problem, where we use the

continuity equation and the general energy equation (the modified
Bernoulli’s equation) in conjunction with the Moody diagram. 4
Water flows from the basement to the second floor as shown in the
accompanying figure ( 1 ).Water at 60 F flows through the 0.75 in
diameter copper pipe at a rate of Q = 12 gal /min and exits through
a faucet of diameter 0.5 in .
Determine the required pressure in KN /m2 at point (1) :
a) Viscous effects are neglected
neglected..
b) The only losses included are major losses
losses..
c) All losses are included

5
Solution:
Convert the data to S.I units
T = 60 F ; T C = { T (F ) - 32 ] = (60-32 ) = 15.5 C
1gal/min. = 3,785 L/min. = 6.309 .10-5 m3 /s
QV = 12 gpm = 0.000757 m3 /s
d1 = 0.75 in = 0.01905 m and d2 = 0.5 in. = 0.0127 m
Total length of the pipe L = 18 m
The velocity in the pipe:
Q 0.000757 V12
V1  V   2.6 m / s  0.3345 m
A1 0.00029 2. g
The velocity in the faucet:
V 22
V2 
QV 0.000757
  5.8 m / s  1.71 m / s
A2 0.00013 2. g
6
a)) Viscous effects are neglected
Write the general energy equation between points 1 and 2.

P1 V12 P2 V22
P1 ?   Z 1  hL    Z2
 2. g  2. g

P1
 0.3445  Z 1  0  0  1.71  Z 2

P1 ( No
 1.3655  67.3655 m losses )

where Z 2  Z1  6m and hL  0

The pressure required

P1    7.3655 9.81  7.3655  72.2 KN / m 2

This is the required pressure to overcome the pressure drop due to
elevation and the pressure drop due to increase in kinetic energy 7
b) The only losses included are major losses
losses..
hL = hf Since hm = 0

Again write the general energy equation between points 1 and 2.

2 2
P1 V P2 V
  Z1  h f 
1
  Z2 2

 2. g  2. g
P1 V22 V12
   Z 2  Z1  h f
 2. g 2. g

V22 V12
As before  1.3655 m and Z 2  Z 1  6 m
2. g 2. g
The head loss due to pipe friction is:
L.V 2 18
hf  f  0.022 (0.3445) 7.17 m
D.2 g 0.01905
8
 V .D. 2.6(0.01905).1000
Where Re   3
 43069 [ T. Flow ]
 1.15.10
The relative roughness
roughness:
 / D= 0.00012 where  (copper) = 1.52 10-6 m
The corresponding friction loss f is 0.022 (From Moody diagram
diagram.)

The pressure drop due to the pipe friction is:

7.17 (9.81 70..2 KN /m2

81)) = 70
P1
 1.3655  6  7.1714.53 m

The total pressure required for case b:

P1    14.53 9.81  14.53  142 KN / m 2 9

c) All losses are included.
hL = hf + hm
The sum of all minor losses hm:

The equivalent length for each (90)

90) elbow Le
 30
D
Le
 30 x 4  120 Therefore Le = 120 x (0
(0.01905)
01905) = 2.28 m
D
Le
The equivalent length of a full open globe valve  340
D
Therefore Le = 340 (0.01905)
01905) = 6.47 m

The total equivalent length Le = 2.28 + 6.47 = 8.757 m

2
Le .V1 8.757
hm  f  0.022 (0.3445)  3.48 m
D.2 g 0.01905
10
From Moody diagram
Note that the loss coefficient of the faucet is given in
the figure which is (Kf = 2) then:

Faucet V22
hm  K ( )  2 (1.71 ) 3.42 m
2. g

The head loss due to the presence of elbows, valve and faucet is:

hm = 3.48 + 3.42 = 6.9 m

hm in KN /m2 = 6.9 (9.81)

81) = 67
67..68 KN /m2

Finally, the required pressure to overcome all losses is:

P1= 72.
72.2 +70.
70.2+ 67
67..68 = 210 KN /m2
/m2

No losses Major losses Minor losses

11
Type 2. In this type of problems, we are to
solve for the velocity V or the volume flow
rate.. In this case we have to express the
rate
friction factor f in terms of V .After
After,, an
iterative process will be employed in
conjunction with Moody diagram, as will be
demonstrated in the following example
example..

12
 SOLUTION PROCEDURE FOR CLASS (II) SYSTEMS WITH ONE PIPE

1. Write the energy equation for the system.

2. Evaluate known quantities such as pressure heads and elevation heads.
heads.
3. Express energy losses in terms of the unknown velocity “V” and
“f”.
friction factor “f
4. Solve for the velocity in terms of “f”
5. Express the Reynolds number in terms of the velocity.
6. Calculate the relative roughness /D.
“f” based on the known /D and a Reynolds
7. Select a trial value of “f
number in the turbulent range.
8. Calculate the velocity, using the equation from Step 4.
9. Calculate the Reynolds number from the equation in Step 5.
10.. Evaluate the friction factor “f” for the Reynolds number from Step
10
9 and the known value of /D, using the Moody diagram.
11.. If the new value of “f” is different from the value used in Step 8,
11
repeat Steps 8 through 11 using the new value of “f”
12.. If there is no significant change in “f” from the assumed value, then
12
the velocity found in Step 8 is correct.
correct. 13
Example Problem-
Problem-1:
A lubricating oil must be pumped through a horizontal 6 in
steel pipe.
pipe. The maximum pressure drop is 60 Kpa/
Kpa/100
100 m The
oil has a specific gravity of 0.88 and dynamic viscosity of
9.5.10-3 Pa.s
Pa.s.. Determine the maximum allowable volume flow
rate..
rate

D= 6 “

14
 Solution:
P1 V12 P2 V 22
 Z1   hL   Z2  , V1  V2 and Z 1  Z 2
 2g  2g
We get :
P1  P2 60
 hL , That is hL   6.95 m
 9.81  0.88
f . L.V 2 2. g .hL . D
hL  V   0.21 / f where D  0.1541 m and
2 gD L. f
hL  6.95 m , and L  100 m

From Moody diagram and for ,  / D  4.6.105 / 0.1541  2.98.104

The value of “ f “ varies between 0.015 and 0.04 for Re of
4000 and 107 respectively.
Any value between this range can be selected for the first
trial.
Let say f= 0.02 15
Any value for “f”
between
0.015
015--0.04

16
First trial:
For f = 0.02 the flow velocity is V= 3.24 m/s .The
corresponding Reynolds number is Re = 4.63.
63.104
read the friction factor from Moody diagram ,and for
Re =4 63.104 ,and /D = 2.98.
=4.63. 98.10-4 . we get f= 0.0225

17
First trial

For
Re=4
Re= 4.63.
63.104
“f” is 0.0225

18
Second trial:
Again for this value f = 0.0225,
0225, we calculate
the new value of the flow velocity V= 3.06
m/s ,that is The corresponding Reynolds
38.104 .
number is Re = 4.38.
Refer to Moody diagram and read the friction
factor corresponding to Re =4
=4.38.
38.104 ,and
/D = 2.98.
98.10-4 . We get f = 0.0225.
0225.
The new value of “f “ is unchanged from the
previous value. Therefore V=3
V=3.06 m/s is the
correct flow velocity.
The flow rate is Q=A.V = 0.057 m3 /s.

19
Second trial

For Re= 4.38

38.. 104
“f” is 0.0225

20
Example problem-
problem-2

Determine the discharge of water through the

50 cm steel pipe shown in the figure below
below..

21
22
23
Select “f”
Select a value
for “f”
[0.012-
012-0.04]
04]
Say 0.02

24
25
First & second trial

For Re= 4.43

43.. 106
“f” is 0.012

26
Computational Approach to type 2 problems

The method presented here avoids the need to use

iteration to solve type 2 pipeline system problems. We
can use the Colebrook equation to compute the friction
factor instead of relying on its graphical display in the
Moody diagram.
diagram.
This method works for any type Class2
Class2 problem in
which only the energy loss due to friction is involved or
for which all minor losses can be expressed in the
equivalent length ratio approach.
approach.

27
Write expressions for the energy losses using Darcy’s equation, evaluate
the L/D ratio, and determine the equivalent length ratios (Le/D) for
minor losses such as values and fittings.
Algebraically combine the L/D ratio and all Le/D ratios to obtain
2
L V L L  Le 
hL  f   Where      
 D tot 2 g  D tol D D

1 2 ghL
V 
f ( L / D)tot

Re  VD /  then V  Re  /( D )
1 2 ghL
V  Re  /( D ) 
f ( L / D) tot 28
 1 2 ghL
V  Re  /( D ) 
f ( L / D) tot
D 2 ghL
Re f  ( II )
 ( L / D)tot
1  1 2 . 51 
 2 log10   
f  3.7( / D) Re f 
 
Divide equation II by f to get Reynolds number
 1 
Re f   Re
 f 
 
Compute the velocity & the volume flow rate 29
Example problem-
problem-3 (Computational
Computational )
Compute the maximum permissible velocity of flow of lubricating
oil through a horizontal 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe with
maximum pressure drop of 60 KPa per 100 m of pipe. The oil has
a specific gravity of 0.88 and a dynamic viscosity of 9.5.10
10--3 Pa.s

hL  6.95m
L / D  (100m)(0.1541m)  648.9
 / D  0.003
D 2 ghL
Re f 
 ( L / D )tot
(0.1541)(880) 2(9.81)(6.95)
Re f  3
 6543
9.5 * 10 (648.9)

1  1 2.51 
 2 log10   
f  3.7( / D) Re f  30
 
 1  1 2.51 
 2 log10     6.683
f  3.7(3750) 6543 

f  0.0224
 1 
Re f    Re  6543(6.683)  4.37 *10 4
 f 
 
Re  (4.37 * 10 )(9.5 *10 )
4 3
V    3.06m / s
D (0.1541)(880)

31
Type (II) problem with minor
losses

32
Example problem-
problem-4
A lubricating oil must be pumped through a horizontal 6 in
steel pipe . The maximum pressure drop is 60 Kpa/
Kpa/100
100 m The
oil has a specific gravity of 0.88 and dynamic viscosity of
9.5.10-3 Pa.s
Pa.s.. Determine the maximum allowable volume flow
rate.. (See figure below)
rate
Include minor losses

33
Now the data for minor losses must be added in the section
called "Energy Losses” .
1- The K factor for the pipe friction loss is automatically
computed as follows:
For the 6-inch pipe. That value is 0.015 as found in the
following Table 5.

. Elbow (Standard): K = ft (Le/D) = (0.015) (30)= 0.45 .

. Butterfly Valve: K = ft (Le/D) = (0.015) (45)= 0.675

Estimated f from
table 5

34
 Practical value
of the friction factor for new commercial
steel pipe “f”

Le
K  f( )
D

N.B. The friction factor f is

determined from Moody diagram
35
Solution:

P1 V12 P2 V22
 Z1   hL   Z2  , V  V1  V2 and Z 1  Z 2
γ 2g γ 2g
f  L  V2 V2
hL  hf  hm   ΣK
2gD 2g
V2 V2 V2
h m  ΣK  {(2  0.45)[Elbow]  0.675 [butterfly]}  1.575 
2g 2g 2g
f  L  V2 V2 P  P2 60
hL   1.575   6.95 m [since h L  1   6.95 m ]
2gD 2g γ 0.88  9.81
V2 f  L V 2 f  100 V2
6.95  (  1.575 )  (  1.575)  (648.9 f  1.575)
2g D 2g 0.1545 2g
136.3
V  , where D  0.1541 m and h L  6.95 m, and L  100 m
648.9  f  1.575

36
 136.3
V
648.9  f  1.575

From Moody diagram and for /D =2.98 98..10-4

The value of “ f “ varies between 0.015 and 0.04 for Re of
4000 and 107 respectively.
Any value between this range can be selected for the first
trial.
for example f= 0.02 compute steps 8 & 9.

37
1-Water is being supplied to an irrigation ditch from
an elevated storage reservoir as shown in the figure
below Calculate the volume flow rate of water into the
ditch.
ditch

H.W.

38
2- The piping system shown below is being used to transfer
water from one storage tank to another. Determine the
volume flow rate of water through the system. Knowing
that, the total length of the 6" pipe is 30 m ,whereas the
length of the 2 " pipe is 15 m.

H.W.

39
Type 3. In this case, we are to evaluate a proper
pipe diameter to perform a given function
function..

40
Type III-
III- a

In a manner similar to type two-problem the solution can

be obtained by trail and error methods. Iterate for “f".
Since we cannot solve for "D" in term of "f
f ", the
iteration must proceed as follows:
1- Assume a value for " f ".
D ".
2- Calculate “D
3- Calculate "/ D ".
4- Calculate "Re ".
5- Evaluate "f " from Moody diagram and compare it with
estimated "ff" in step 1.
6-Repeat the above until the two values of "f" are agree
with the assumed value.
For example: D  0.404  f 1/ 5

Starts with f=0

f=0.02 & calculate D , and then
repeat step 6 41
42
43
Real application “Pip
applica “Pipee flo
flow cha
chart”

Type 3 problem “Pipe sizing”

Application : Plumbing, water
distribution systems, Chiller &
pumping systems

44
Type III problem

A new horizontal fairly rough steel pipe must transport 64

gpm of water with a maximum allowed pressure drop of 9.3
Psi / 100 ft . Determine the necessary pipe diameter and
the corresponding velocity .
In SI unit Q= 0.004 m3/s.
Q 4Q 0.0051
The flow velocity becomes V   
A D 2
D2
Since Z1=Z2 & D1= D2 we get:
P1  P2
 hL  9.3  2.3  21.3 ft  6.4 m

L V 2
f  100 0.0051 2
hL  f    [ ]  6.4 m
D 2g 2g  D D 2

0.00013  f
5
 6.4 m
D 45
To solve this king of problem, it is recommended to assume
a value for D and calculate the corresponding “f” this
require trial-
trial- and –error to get the correct size of the
pipe. It is not easy !!
In pipe handbook , tables are presented to approximate the
pipe diameter for each particular flow rate.
From table 6 the nearest flow rate is 70 gpm and the
corresponding pipe diameter is D= 2”. This is the starting
point..
point
Once D is available we can calculate e/D ,Re & f . And then we
check for f from moody diagram if however the value of “f” is
Different from the calculated “f”. Try another value D= 1.5” or
D= 2.5”.
46
Table 6
Discharge pipe size versus flow rate velocity
Flow rate Velocity Pipe rate Flow rate Velocity
( gal / min) ( ft / s ) ( schedule 40) ( L / min ) ( m / s)
12 4. 45 1 45 1. 35
25 5. 36 1¼ 95 1. 63
35 5. 51 1½ 130 1. 68
50 7. 88 1½ 190 2. 40
75 7. 16 2 285 2. 18
125 8. 37 2½ 475 2. 55
175 7. 59 3 660 2. 31
250 6. 30 4 950 1. 92
500 8. 01 5 1 890 2. 44
1 000 11. 10 6 3 800 3. 38
1 000 6. 41 8 3 800 1. 95
1 250 8. 02 8 4 730 2. 44
1 750 11. 22 8 6 625 3. 42
1 750 7. 11 10 6 625 2. 17
2 500 10. 16 10 9 450 2. 10
2 500 7. 16 12 9 450 2. 18
3 500 10. 03 12 13 250 3. 06 47
Table 7
Suction pipe size versus flow rate velocity
Flow rate Velocity Pipe rate Flow rate Velocity
( gal / min) ( ft / s ) ( schedule 40) ( L / min ) ( m / s)
12 1. 89 1½ 45 0. 57
25 2. 39 2 95 0. 73
35 2. 34 2½ 130 0. 71
50 2 .17 3 190 0. 66
75 2. 43 3½ 285 0. 74
125 3. 15 4 475 0. 96
175 2. 80 5 660 0. 85
250 2. 78 6 950 0. 85
500 3. 21 8 1 890 0. 98
1 000 4. 06 10 3 800 1. 24
1 250 3. 58 12 4 730 1. 09
1 750 4. 15 14 6 625 1. 26
2 500 4. 54 16 9 450 1. 38
3 500 5. 02 18 13 250 1. 53
48
“Pipe
“Pip e fl
floow cha
chart”

49
1.35 m/s V=2
V= 2 m/s

50
How to use the pipe flow-
flow-chart
The use of the pipe flow chart is best presented by the
following example : A fairly rough steel pipe is used to
deliver 20 gpm of water at ordinary temperature with a
maximum allowed pressure drop of 5Psi/100 ft .What What is the
recommended pipe size that can be used ?
Solution : Enter the Figure along the abscissa with the value
of 5 Psi/100 ft , move upward to the ordinate where QV is 20
gpm .From the intersection ; read the values of ( D )and the
corresponding flow velocity ( V ) .
Now it is clear that the intersection lies between 1.1/4” and
1” diameter . If the 1 in pipe is used , the pressure drop will
be 15 Psi/100 ft which is greater than the given value . This
is unacceptable . If the 1.1/4” pipe is used , the pressure
drop will be 4 Psi/100 ft which is less than the maximum
allowed pressure drop .I would recommend D=1.1/4” with a flow
velocity less than 3 m/s. The flow velocity is about 1.35 m/s
. 51
 Hazen Williams Equation
V  1,38  C  R 0.63
S 0.54
(U . S .Units )
V: is the flow velocity ,ft /s
C : is Hazen -Williams roughness coefficient
R: Hydraulics radius ft
S : Slope ( head loss per unit of length)
dimensionless
Description of the pipe Values of C
Smooth st. & straight 140
New steel or Cast iron 130
5 year old Cast iron 120
10 years old Cast iron 110
20 years old Cast iron 90--100
90
30 years old Cast iron 75--90
75
Concrete or cement lined 120--140
120
Plastic 150 52
Hazen-Williams Coefficients for various pipe materials are given the
previous table..
A new fairly rough steel pipe must transport 64 gpm of water
with a maximum allowed pressure drop of 9.3 Psi / 100 ft .
Determine the necessary pipe diameter and the corresponding
velocity , using Hazen -William's equation , compare the
results with the pipe flow chart .
Solution :
V  1,38  C  R 0.63  S 0.54 (U . S .Units )
Where :
C : is 130 from the corresponding table
S : 9,3 Psi /100 ft = 21,39 ft / 100 ft = 0,213
R: Hydraulics radius = D/4 = 0.25 D
0.1425 2
1 ft3/s=
/s=449
449 gpm US
V Q/ A 2
 0 . 181D ,
3.14.D / 4
0, 181D 2  1, 38 .( 130 )( 0. 25D) 0.63 .( 0, 213 ) 0.54
D=0.138 ft = 1.66 in , the 2 “ pipe is available. 53
4/100 ft
& 9.3/100 ft
64 gpm &
64 gpm

54
Graphic solution :
Enter pipe flow chart , at the unit head loss 9.3
Psi /100
/100 ft along the abscissa . Move vertically
to the ordinate where QV is 64 gpm.
gpm. Move
horizontally upward to the line sloping up to the
right representing a diameter . Read the
corresponding diameter which is between 1.5"
and 2" . If the 1.5 “ is selected the flow velocity
will be 2.4 m/s ( which is the max. limit of
flow velocity ) . However if the 2 " diameter is
selected the pressure drop will be around 4 Psi/
100 ft & the flow velocity around 1.4 m /s . The
2” pipe diameter is selected.

55
H.W.

Figure below shows a two-

two-pipe water system such as might be found in a
central equipment room. The terminal units a, b, and c are air-
air-handling
units that contain air-
air-to
to--water finned tube heat exchangers. An actual
system would probably contain both a heater and a chiller; only one or the
other is to be considered here. Size the piping and specify the pumping
requirements.
Assuming the following:
The maximum flow velocity in
the main pipe is 5 ft/s and the
max. head loss per 100ft
100ft is :
5ft/100
ft/100ft.
ft.
Neglect minor losses

56
H.W.

Figure below shows a two-

two-pipe water system such as might be
found in a central equipment room. The terminal units a, b, and
c are air-
air-handling units .The pressure drop in a =
=15
15 ft , b=
b=12
12 ft
, c=15
c=15 ft. The pressure drop in orifice 6 ft .Size the piping and
specify the pumping requirements.
Assuming the following:
The maximum flow velocity in
the main pipe is 5 ft/s and the
max. head loss per 100
100ft
ft is :
5ft/100
ft/100ft.
ft.
Neglect minor losses

57
 8 ft 12 ft

5 ft 5 ft 5 ft

30 ft

Orifice
5 ft
5 ft

10 ft

5 ft

The pipe length is shown in the figure

58
 References:
1-Bruce R. Munson “ Fundamental of fluid mechanics”
fifth edition-
edition-john wiley & son.
2-Robert L. Mott “Applied fluid mechanics” fifth edition-
edition-
prentice hall ., 2000
2000..
3- Carrier “system design manual” -1972

59
60
61
End of the lecture

62