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Example 1: Find the pressure drop (P1-P2) across the entire pipeline shown in figure.
The flow rate of water (γ = 9800 N/m3 and υ = 1×10-6 m2/s) is 0.05 m3/s and the pipe
diameter is 100 mm. the total length of the cast iron pipe between points 1 and 2 is 30
m.
Solution: writing the energy equation between (1) and (2) gives,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
Z1 H P HT H L Z2
2g 2g
From continuity equation V1 = V2 = V
For series piping system,
L V2 V 2 Ltot. V
2
H L tot. f KL f KL
D 2g 2g D 2g
Solving for the total pressure drop from the energy equation yields,
Ltot V
2
P1 P2 ( Z 2 Z1 ) f KL
D 2g
Q 0.05 4
V 6.37 m/sec
A (0.1) 2
V .D 6.37 0.1
NR 6.37 10 5 4000 Turbulent flow
1 10 6
K L 10 2 0.75 11 .5
0.025 30 (6.37 )
2
P1 P2 9800 (4) 9800 11 .5
0.1 19.62
39200 38500 345800 Pa 345.8 kPa
f .Ltot
Since 7.5 compared with K L 11 .5 , the minor losses exceed the major
D
losses in this system. If the globe valve is replaced by fully open gate valve, however,
then K L 0.19 2 0.75 1.69 and the major losses exceed the minor losses. If gate
valve is used instead of a globe valve, the pressure drop becomes P1-P2 =231.1 kPa.
This is a 33% reduction in pressure drop.
Example 2: Water (γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 and υ = 1.1×10-5 ft2/s) is pumped from one tank to
another at a rate of 0.25 ft3/sec, as shown in figure. The cast iron pipe has a total length
of 300 ft and a diameter of 2 in. If the pump has an efficiency of 80%, determine the
horse power that must be delivered by an electric motor to drive the pump.
Solution:
Energy equation between (1) and (2) located at the free surface of the two tanks
gives,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
Z1 H P HT H L Z2
2g 2g
H P (Z 2 Z1 ) H L
Where
L V2 V 2 Ltot V
2
HL f KL f KL
D 2g 2g D 2g
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples
Q 4 0.25
V 11 .5 ft/sec
A (122 ) 2
V .D 11 .5 122
NR 1.74 10 5 4000 Turbulent flow
1.1 10 5
Example 3: Water at 60 oF (γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 and υ = 1.21×10-5 ft2/s) flows from the large
reservoir shown in figure through a 75 ft long 2 in. diameter pipe made of cast iron (ε =
0.00085 ft). Determine water flow rate through the pipe.
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples
Solution:
Writing E. E. between (1) and (2) yields,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2 V2
Z1 H P H T H L Z2 H L ( Z 2 Z1 ) 0
2g 2g 2g
L V2 V 2 Ltot V
2
HL f KL f KL
D 2g 2g D 2g
K L K square edge 2 K 90 o elbow K fully open 0.5 2 0.75 10 12
pipe entrance globe valve
L V
2
f tot K L 1 ( Z 2 Z1 ) 0
D 2 g
75 V 2
f 12 1 50 0 450 f 13V 2 3220 0
212 2 32.2
3220
V …… (*)
450 f 13
Assuming f = 0.03 and substitute in eq. (*)
3220
V 11 .0 ft/s
450 0.03 13
V .D 11 122
NR 1.52 10 5 4000 Turbulent flow
1.21 10 5
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples
Example 4: The water (γ = 9800 N/m3 and υ = 1.12×10-6 m2/s) requirements of a factory
are supplied by a lake through a 200 m long, 150 mm diameter cast iron pipe (ε = 0.26
mm), as shown in figure. What hydraulic power must be delivered by a pump if it is
installed in the pipeline to increase the flow rate by 50 %?
Solution:
First, we determine the current flow rate without a pump.
Writing E.E. between (1) and (2) yields,
p1 V12 p2 V2 2
Z1 H P HT H L Z2
2g 2g
Ltot V
2
HL f KL
D 2g
K L 2 0.19 2 10 4 0.75 23.38
V2
HL ( Z 2 Z1 ) 0
2g
Ltot V
2
f K L 1 ( Z 2 Z1 ) 0
D 2g
200 V
2
f 23.38 1 50 0 1333 f 24.38 V 2 981 0
0.15 19.62
981
V …… (*)
1333 f 24.38
Assuming f1 = 0.03 V1 3.9 m/s
V .D 3.9 0.15
N R1 1 5.22 10 5 4000 Turbulent flow
1.12 10 6
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Fluid Mechanics Chapter Six Examples
ε 0.26
The relative roughness, r 0.00173
D 150
From the Moody diagram f 0.022
From Eq. (*) V2 4.27 m/s N R 2 5.72 10 5 f 3 0.022
The final results is, f = 0.022, V = 4.27 m/s, and NR = 5.72×105
Q A.V (0.15) 2 4.27 0.0755 m3 /s
4
This is the current flow rate without a pump. Increasing the flow rate by 50% by
addition of a pump requires a new velocity of Vnew = 1.5×4.27 = 6.41 m/s
Rewriting the E.E. with the inclusion of a pump and solving for the pump head
yields,
V2 Ltot V
2
HP HL ( Z 2 Z1 ) f K L 1 ( Z 2 Z1 )
2g D 2g
V2
H P 1333 f 24.38 50
2g
V .D 6.41 0.15
NR 8.59 105 4000 Turbulent flow
1.12 10 6
From the Moody diagram f 0.022
(6.41) 2
H P 1333 0.022 24.38 50 62.3 m of water
19.62
The hydraulic power the pump must deliver to the water is now determined;
Pump hydraulic power .Q.H P 9800 1.5 0.0755 62.3
69100 watt 69.1 KW
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