HEAT TRANSFER

Problems with FEM solution

VIJAYAVITHAL BONGALE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HASSAN - 573 202.
Mobile : 9448821954
Problem 1.

For the composite wall idealized by the 1-D model

shown in figure below, determine the interface
temperatures. For element 1, let K1 = 5 W / m 0C,
for element 2, K2 = 10 W / m 0C and for element 3,
K3 = 15 W / m 0C. The left end has a constant
temperature of 200 0C and the right end has a
constant temperature of 600 0C.
T= 200 0C T= 600 0C A= 0.1 m2

1 2 3

0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m

Finite Element model:

t1 t2 t3 t4

1 2 3 4

0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m

t1 = 200 0C , t4 = 600 0C , A = 0.1 m2,

K1= 5 W / m 0C, K2= 10 W / m 0C , K3= 15 W / m 0C
Element conduction matrices are,
1C 2C
A1K 1  1  1 0.1X 5  1  1  5  5  1R
k  
1
        2R
L1  1 1 0.1  1 1   5 5 
 2C 3C
 1  1 0.1X 10  1  1  10  10  2R
k  
2 A2K 2
 1 1  0.1  1 1    10 10  3R
L2      

3C 4C
 1  1 0.1X 15  1  1  15  15  3R
k   A 3 K 3
3
 1 1  0.1  1 1    15 15  4R
L3      

And the global structure conduction matrix is,

1C 2C 3C 4C 1C 2C 3C 4C
 5 5 0 0  1R  5 5 0 0  1R
5 5  10  10 0  2R 5 15  10 0  2R
K       
 0  10 10  15  15  3R  0  10 25  15  3R
   
 0 0  15 15  4R  0 0  15 15  4R
Now the global equations are given by, K t  F
 5 5 0 0 t 1  F1 
5 15  10  t  0 
  2    
0
That is 
 0  10 25  15 t 3  0 
    
 0 0  15 15  t 4  F2 
Since the values of t1 and t4 are given, the equations are
modified as follows

 1 0 0 0  t 1   200 
 0 15  10    
0  2  1000 
t 
     
 0  10 25 0  t 3  9000 
   
 0 0 0 1  t 4   600 
We have now two equations and two unknowns

15t 2  10t 3  1000

 10t 2  25t 3  9000

Solving we obtain,
t3 = 527.3 0C and t2 = 418.2 0C

Therefore, t   200 C 418.2 C 527.3 C 600 C

T 0 0 0 0
Problem 2: HEAT TRANSFER IN 1D FIN

Calculate temperature distribution using FEM.

W W
k 3 h  0.1 2 0 T  20 C 0

1 cm
cm  C cm  C
0 

0.4 cm
80 C
8 cm

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1 2 3 4 5
4 linear elements, 5 nodes
 Element 1, 2, 3:
W W
k 3 h  0 .1 T  20 C0

k  ,  f 
1 cm
cm  0C cm 2  0C

e e

h end h end
are not required
Element 4: 0.4 cm
80 C
k  ,  f 
h
e

end h
e

end
are required 8 cm

(1) (2) (3) (4)

kA 3  0.4  W
  0.6 0 1 2 3 4 5
l 2 C

hPl 0.1 2.8 2 W hPl T 0.1( 2.8 )( 2 )( 20 )

 
 5.6 W
  0.093 0 2 2
6 6 C

W
hA  0.1 0.4   0.04 0 hA T  0.1 ( 0.4 ) ( 20 )  0.8 W


C
For element 1, 2, 3

e kA  1 1 hPl  2 1  1,2,3  0.786 0.507 

  
l  1 1  6 1 2 
  
k k
 0.507 0.786 
h P l T 1 1,2,3 5.6 
f e 
 
  f  
2 1
5.6 
For element 4

k A  1  1 h P l  2 1 0 0   0.786 0.507 
k  
e 
   4

l  1 1  6 1 
2  0 h A
k  
 0.507 0.826 
,

h P l T 1  0   4 5.6 
f  e 
  

 f  
2 1  h AT  
6.4 
 Heat source
 0.786  0.507 0 0 0  t 1  5.6  Q  (Still unknown)
  0.507 1.572  0.507 0 0  t  
11.2 0 
   2
    
 0  0.507 1.572  0.507 0  t   11.2  0 
 
3

0 0  0.507 1.572  0.507  11.2 0 

  t 4
    
 0 0 0  0.507 0.826   t 5
 6.4  0 

t1= 80 0 C, four unknowns – eliminate Q

 1 0 0 0 0  t 1  80 
 0 1.572  0.507 0 0  t  
11.2  80x0.507
   2
  
 0  0.507 1.572  0.507 0  t   11.2 
 
3

 0 0  0.507 1.572  0.507   t  11.2 

 4
  
 0 0 0  0.507 0.826   t 5
 6.4 

Solving: t  80.0
T
42.0 28.2 23.3 22.1 C 0
Problem 3.
A composite wall consists of three materials as shown.
The outer temperature is T0 = 20 0C. Convection heat
transfer takes place on the inner surface of the wall with
T∞ = 800 0C and h = 25 W / m2 0C. Determine the
temperature distribution in the wall.

T0 = 20 0C

K1 K2 K3

h, T∞

0.3 m 0.15 m 0.15 m

K1 = 20 W/m 0C , K2 = 30 W/m 0C, K3 = 50 W/m 0C,

h = 25 W/m2 0C , T∞ = 800 0C
Finite Element model:
t2 t3 t4
t1

Element 3
1 Element 1 2 Element 2 3 4

h , T∞

0.3 m 0.15 m 0.15 m

Assume A = 1 m2 , the element conduction matrices are,

For element 1,
we must consider the convection from the free end (left end)
A1K 1  1  1 1 0 1X 20  1  1 1 0
k  
1
   hA       25 X1 
L1  1 1 0 0 0.3  1 1 0 0
1C 2C
 91.67  66.67  1R
   2R
  66.67 66.67 
 2C 3C
 1  1 1X 30  1  1  200  200  2R
k   A 2 K 2
2
 1 1  0.15  1 1    200  3R
L2      200 

3C 4C
A 3 K 3  1  1 1X 50  1  1  333 .33  333 .33  3R
k  
3
        4R
L 3  1 1 0.15  1 1   333 .33 333 .33 

Global structure conduction matrix is,

1C 2C 3C 4C
 91.67  66.67 0 0  1R
  66.67 66.67  200  200 0  2R
K    
 0  200 200  333 .33  333 .33  3R
 
 0 0  333 .33 333 .33  4R
 1C 2C 3C 4C
 91.67  66.67 0 0  1R
  66.67 266 .67  200 0  2R
  
 0  200 533 .33  333 .33  3R
 
 0 0  333 .33 333 .33  4R

Now the global equations will be in the form, K t  F

And f 
h end
(left end)
1C
 1  hT A  hT A  1R
f h   hT A       
   0 
0  0  2R
Therefore,

 91.67  66.67 0 0  t 1  hT A

  66.67 266 .67  200 0  t 2   0 
     
 0  200 533 .33  333 .33  t 3   0 
   
 0 0  333 .33 333 .33  t 4   F4 

Since h, T∞ and t4 are specified, the above equations are

modified as,

 91.67  66.67 0 0  t1   20000 

  66.67 266 .67  200 0  t 2   0 
     
 0  200 533 .33 0  t 3   6666 .6
   
 0 0 0 1  t 4   20 
We now obtain three sets of simultaneous equations in
which we have three unknown temperatures.

91.67t1  66.67t 2  20000

 66.67t1  266 .67t 2  200 t 3  0
 200t 2  533 .33t 3  6666 .6
On solving, we get

t1  304.76 C, t 2  119.05 C, t 3  57.14 C

0 0 0

The temperatures are,

t   304.76
T 0
C 119.05 0 C 57.14 0 C 20 0 C 
 ONE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT
FORMULATION OF FIN
A metallic fin, with thermal conductivity kxx = 360 W / m 0C,
0.1 cm thick, and 10 cm long, extends from a plane wall
whose temperature is 235 0C.
Determine the temperature distribution and amount of heat
transferred from the fin to the air at 20 0C with h = 9 W / m2
0C. Take the width of fin to be 1 m.

h = 9 W/m2 0C, T∞ = 20 0C
L = 10 cm = 0.1 m
235 0C t
t = 0.1 cm = 1x 10-3 m
W=1m

W
L
Finite element model:

h = 9 W/m2 0C, T∞ = 20 0C

q=0
t1 t2 t3 t4
235 0C

1 2 3 4

L L L
3 3 3
Element stiffness (conduction) matrices written as,

 1  1 hP L1  2 1 t x W K1  1  1 h2t  2W  L1  2 1
k   A K
1 1

1
         1 2
L1  1 1 6  1 2 L1  1 1 6  

1x10 x1 360  1  1

3 9 2x1 x10 3
 2x1 1
 2 1
 30
1  1 1   1 2
  6  
30
1C 2C
 11.0  10.7  1R
 
  10.7 11.0  2R

2C 3C 3C 4C
 11.0  10.7  2R  10.7
k   
2
 3R
3  11.0
and k   
 2R
 3R
  10.7 11.0    10.7 11.0 
Global structure conduction matrix is,
1C 2C 3C 4C
 11.0  10.7 0 0  1R
  10.7 11  11  10.7 0  2R
K    
 0  10.7 11  11  10.7  3R
 
 0 0  10.7 11  4R

1C 2C 3C 4C
 11.0  10.7 0 0  1R
  10.7 22  10.7 0  2R
i. e. K    
 0  10.7 22  10.7  3R
 
 0 0  10.7 11  4R
 The force matrix is given by,

1C
1
9 x 20 x ( 2 x1x10 3
 2 x1)
f 
h
1

hT PL1 1
2 1
 
30 1 6.006  1R
   
2 1 6.006  2R

1C 1C

f  h
2 6.006  2R
   and f 
h
3 6.006  3R
  
6.006  3R 6.006  4R
 The global equations are,
1C
 11.0  10.7 0 0  t 1   F1  6.006 1R
  10.7 22  10.7 0  t 2  6.006  6.006 2R
 
     
 0  10.7 22  10.7  t 3   6.006  6.006 3R
 
 0 0  10.7 11  t 4   6.006 4R

1C
 11.0  10.7 0 0  t 1  F1  6.006 1R
  10.7 22  10.7 0  t 2   12.012 2R
 
i.e.      
 0  10.7 22  10.7  t 3   12 .012 3R
    6.006 4R
 0 0  10.7 11  t 4 
Applying the boundary conditions, t1 = 235 0C

1C
 1 0 0 0  t 1   235 1R
 0 22  10.7 0  t 2   12.012  2514 .52R
 
     
 0  10.7 22  10.7  t 3   12.012 3R
 
 0 0  10.7 11  t 4   6.006 4R

we get three sets of simultaneous equations with three

unknowns.

22t 2  10.7t 3  2526.512

 10.7t 2  22t 3  10.7t 4  12.012
 10.7t 3 11t 4  6.006
 On solving

t1  235 0 C(given), t 2  209.77 0 C, t 3 195.17 0 C, t 4 190.39 0 C

The total heat loss in the fin,

Qelement  h As t avg  t 
3
Q total   Q element And
e 1

Therefore,

 t1  t 2
Q element    
1 h A s t avg  t   h 2xL 1 xW 

 t 
 2 
 1   235  209.77 
 9x 2x x1   20   121.431 W
 30   2 
  1   209.77  195.17 
Qelement  9x 2x x1   20  109.482 W
 30   
2
2

 1  195.17  190.39 
Qelement  9x 2x x1
 30    20   103.668 W

3
2

3
Qtotal   Qelement  121.431  109.482  103.668  334.581 W
e1
Problem 5:
The fin shown in figure is insulated on the perimeter. The left
end has a constant temperature of 100 0C. A positive heat flux
q*= 5000 W / m2 acts on the right end. Let Kxx = 6 W/ m 0C
and cross sectional area A = 0.1 m2. Determine the
temperatures at , L , L , 3L and L , and L . Where L = 0.4 m.
4 2 4
T= 100 0C

q = 5000 W/ m2

L = 0.4 m

Solution:
Given: t1 = 100 0 C, Kxx = 6 W / m 0 C,
A = 0.1 m2 , L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.1 m
Finite Element model:

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
T= 100 0C

q = 5000 W/ m2

L = 0.1 m
L = 0.1 m L = 0.1 m L = 0.1 m

Element conduction matrices are,

1C 2C
A1K1  1  1 0.1X 6  1  1  6  6  1R
k  
1
        W/ 0
C
L1  1 1 0.1  1 1 6 6  2R
Similarly we have 2C 3C
 6  6  2R
k   
2
 3R W/ 0 C
  6 6 

3C 4C
 6  6  3R
k   
3
 4R W/ 0 C
  6 6 

4C 5C
 6  6  4R
k   
4
5R W/ 0 C
  6 6 
and the global structure conduction matrix is,
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C
 6 6 0 0 0  1R
 6 66 6 0 0  2R
 
K    0 6 66 6 0  3R
 
 0 0 6 6 6  6 4R
 0 0 0 6 6  5R

1C 2C 3C 4C 5C
 6 6 0 0 0  1R
 6 12 6 0 0  2R
 
  0 6 12 6 0  3R
 
 0 0 6 12  6  4R
 0 0 0 6 6  5R
Since a positive heat flux q* = 5000 W / m2 acts on
the right end , we will have to calculate force term f q 
at the end of the element 4.

1C
0
f    N q * dS   q *  dS  q * A 0 4R
4
q end
T

Send Send 1   
 1 5R
Since N1  0 and N 2  1 at right end

The global equations are,

 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 1C
 6 6 0 0 0  1R t1   F1 1R
 6 12 6 0 0  2R t   0 2R
   2   
 0 6 12 6 0  3R t 3    0 3R
  t   0 4R
 0 0 6 12  6  4R
 4  
 0 0 0 6 6  5R t 5  q A 5R
*

Modified equations after imposing boundary conditions,

1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 1C
 1 0 0 0 0  1R t1  100 1R
 0 12 6 0 0  2R t  6002R
   2   
 0 6 12 6 0  3R t3    0 3R
  t   0 4R
 0 0 6 12  6  4R
 4  
 0 0 0 6 6  5R t5  500 5R
In expanded form we have,
12t 2  6t3  600        (1)
 6t 2  12t3  6t 4  0        2
 6t 3  12t 4  6t5  0        (3)
 6t 4  6t5  500      (4)

Solving, t  100 0 C(Given), t  183.3 0 C , t  266.63 0 C ,

1 2 3

t 4  349.96 0 C , t 5  433.297 0 C

t  100
T 0
C 183.3 0 C 266.63 0 C 349.96 0 C 433.297 0 C 
Problem:
Consider the circular heat transfer pin shown in the
figure. The base of the pin is held at constant temperature
of 100 0C ( i.e. boiling water ). The tip of the pin and its
lateral surfaces undergo convection to a fluid at ambient
temperature Ta. The convection coefficients for tip and
lateral surfaces are equal. Given Kx = 380 W / m -0C , L = 8
cm, h = 2500 W / m2 -0C , d = 2 cm, Ta = 30 0C. Use a two
finite element model with linear interpolation functions
(i.e., a two-node element) to determine the nodal
temperatures and the heat removal rate from the pin.
Assume no internal heat generation.
h, Ta

h, Ta
100 0C

L
Thank You