Q1/Sheet No.1: Air is flowing isentropic in a duct of (5cm) diameter .

At a
o
certain section, (To=300oC),(P1=120kPa) and m  0.4kg/s .Estimate at this
section ,the air velocity and mach number.
Solution
o P1 π
m  ρ1A1V1  * (0.052 )V1
RT1 4
V12 V12
 To  T1   T1  573 
2Cp 2 *1005
120 *103  V12 
 0.4  * 0.00196* V1  573    2.052434V
 V12   2010 
287573  
 2010
V12  4125.39V 1151730 0  V  262.48m/s
262.482
 T1  573   538.72
2010
V1 262.48
M   0.5641
kRT1 1.4 * 287538.72
Q2/Sheet No.1: Air is flowing misanthropically through the nozzle shown in
(figure 4).The nozzle has a rectangular cross–section (10cmx10cm) .Given
Po=2bar ,To=350K and M1=0.4. At what distance from section 1.Mach
number becomes 0.6 ?
Solution

1
 k 1
A1 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1)
 1

A * M1  k 1 

3
100 1  2  0.4  0.42 
    A*  62.8875m2
A * 0.4  2.4 
k 1
3
A2 1  2  (k  1)M 
2 2(k 1) A2 1  2  0.4  0.62 
 1
   A 2  74.7229m2
A * M1  k 1 


62.8875 0.6  2.4 

A 2  h 2  h  8.6442cm
yh
tanθ   x  7.17417cm
2x
Q3/sheets No.1: A stream of air flowing isentropic in a duct at a pressure of
(140kPa) has a mach number (0.7) .Determine:–
1. The maximum percentage reduction in area which could be introduced
without reducing the flow rate of stream.
2. The total pressure in the stream.
Solution
k 1
1  2  (k  1)M  1  2  0.4 * 0.7 
3
A 2 2(k 1)
       1.094
A* M  k 1  0.7 2.4
ΔA A  A * 1.094A* -A *
%    8.623%
A A 1.094A*
k
Po1  k  1 2 
 1 
P2 
k 1

3.5
M 2   P1  140 * 1  0.2 * 0.7 2  194.19kPa 
2 
Q6/sheet No.1: Air flows through an isentropic convergence – divergence
nozzle with stagnation conditions of (300kPa) and (500K). The throat area is
(5cm2) and the exit area is (10cm2) and throat mach number (0.8). Find:–
Solution
k 1
A1 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1) 5
  
1
 A*   4.8159
A* M  k 1  1  2  0.4 * 0.8  2 3

0.8  2.4 


2
 k 1
3
A2 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1) 10 1  2  0.4M2 
 2
  
A * M 2  k 1 
 4.8159 M 2  2.4 
M 2  0.28 0.3  0.28
From table (subsonic)    M 2  0.2943
2.0764  2.17 2.04  2.17
A 10
Let A th  A*  A*  5  exit   2 From
  M exit  0.31
table

A* 5
k
P1  k  1 k 1 300
 1     280.661kPa
 
P
2 
exit
Pexit  1  0.2 * 0.312
3.5

Q7/sheet No.1: A convergent – divergent nozzle has a ratio of exit to the

throat areas of 1.6 (area ratio). This isentropic nozzle is supplied from an air
reservoir in which the pressure is (550kPa) and the temperature (310K)
.Determine the range of exit pressure with in it the nozzle is chocked.
Determine the maximum velocity possible at the nozzle exit.
Solution
A
 exit  1.6  M exit  1.94
A*
M exit  0.396
P
First Case  exit  0.14  Pexit  0.14 * 550  77kPa
Po
P
Second case  exit  0.896  Pexit  0.896* 550  492.8kPa
Po
For chocked nozzle 77  Pexit  492.8
V  M kRTexit  1.94 1.4 * 287 *177  517.36m/s
6/9/2001: Air flows from a reservoir maintained at (30oC) and (200kPa)
through a converging– diverging nozzle that has (10cm) diameter throat.
Find the pressure, temperature and diameter at section where M=3.Use:

3
Solution
k
Po1  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M1  
P1  2 
200
P1   5.45kPa

1  0.2 * 32 
3.5

To k 1 2
 1 M1 
T1 2
303
T1   108.2K
1  0.2 * 32
k 1
3
A1 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1) 10  2  0.4 * 32 
 1
 D1  
2
 423.45cm2
A * M1  k 1 
 3  2.4 

D1  20.57cm
28/1/2002: An air vessel is pressurized to (5bar) and suddenly bursts. The
exit area is later measured to be (30cm2). If (2min) elapsed before the (10oC)
air was turned off. Find the kilograms of air that was lost.
Solution
Po  5bar Texit  10o C Aexit  30cm2 Pa  1bar Ta  300K
 1  0.2  P* 
Po 5
Let M  1   2.6414
3.5

P* 1.23.5
 P*  Pa  The flow is chocked  T*  Texit and A exit  A *

4
 To k 1
  To  (10  273) * 1.2  339.6K
Texit 2
o A * Po 0.003* 5 *105
m  0.686  0.686  3.296kg/s
RTo 287 * 339.6
M kg
Time of Evap  o
 M kg  3.296 *120
m
kg/sec

M kg  395.52kg
14/7/2003: The isentropic nozzle shown in figure below .used to meter the
mass flow rate of air in a pipe. The throat area is (3cm3).The stagnation
temperature and pressure of the nozzle is: To=20oC, Po=300kPa .The static
pressure at exit (90kPa). Find:–
a. The Mach number at exit
b. Exit area
c. The mass flow rate. Use:
k 1
A 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1)
  
A* M  k 1 
Solution
k
Po  k  1 2  k 1
 1 M exit 
Pexit  2 

300
90

 1  0.2Mexit
2

3.5
 M exit  1.432  1
k 1
A exit 1  2  (k  1)M 2
 2(k 1)
 
exit
 
A * M exit  k 1 
3
3  2  0.4 *1.4322 
A exit     3.4cm2
1.432  2.4 

5
 k 1
6
o A * Po k  2  3.4 *10-4 * 300 *103 1.4  2 
k 1
m       0.241kg/s
To R  k  1  293 287  
2.4
17/3/2004: Air flows from a nozzle as shown with maximum mass flow rate
of (6kg/s) .If To=27oC,Po=800kPa and Pexit=100kPa .Find the throat and exit
diameter for an isentropic flow. Use:
k 1
A 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1)
  
A* M  k 1 
Solution
k 1
o A * Po k 2  k 1
m  A*  32.13  D*  6.4cm
To R  k  1
k
Po1  k  1 2 
 1
Pexit 
M exit 
k 1

800

 1  0.2Mexit
2

3.5
 M exit  2.014
2  100
k 1
3
A exit 1  2  (k  1)M 2
 2(k 1) 6.42  2  0.4 * 2.0142 
 
exit
 D 2
    70.56cm2
k 1
exit
A * M exit   3  2.4 
D exit  8.4cm
17/6/2004: A (7kg/s) of air flows through a constant area duct of chocked
nozzle throat as shown in figure below. The properties of section (1) of
isentropic part are :A1=200cm2, M1=0.4 and P1=3bar. Find:–
1. The reservoir condition (Po and To).
2. The static pressure in section (3) of the adiabatic part where M3=1.2
know

6
 k 1
A 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1)
  
A* M  k 1 
Solution
(a) The reservoir Conditions
k
Po  k  1 2 
 1
P1 
M1 
k 1

 Po  3 1  0.2 * 0.42 3.5
 3.35bar
2 
k 1
A 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1)
    A*  125.775cm2
A* M  k 1 
k 1
o A * Po k  2  k 1 170.3
m    7   To  591.8897
To R  k  1  To
(b) The static pressure in section (3)
o
m  7kg/sec(constant at any section)
k 1
A 1  2  (k  1)M  2 2(k 1) 200 *1.2
  
3
 A*3   194.1cm2
A * M3  k 1   2  0.4 *1.22 
3

 
 2.4 
k 1
o *
A Po3 k 2  k 1
m 3
 Po3  2.205bar
To R  k  1
k
Po3  k  1 2  k 1 2.205
 1  M 3   P3   0.91bar
P3  2  1  0.2 *1.22 3.5

2/6/2005: Air with stagnation conditions of (To=573K,Po=125kPa) flows
isentropic through the nozzle shown in figure 1 which is (2m) long and has
an area variation approximated by: A=20–20x+10x2 where A in (cm2) and x
in (m). If the flow at the is supersonic. Compute:
a. The air mass flow rate.
b. The exit pressure.
Solution

7
 dA
A  A throat when  0  20  20xth  0  x th  1m
dx
A th  20  20 *1  10 *12  10cm2
o A * Po 0.686 *10 *104 *125*103
m air  0.686   0.21kg/m3
RTo 287 * 573
Aexit  20  20 * 2  10 * 22  20cm2
A exit 20
  2  M exit  2.2
A th 10
k
Po1  k  1 2  k 1 125
 1  M exit   Pexit   11.69kPa
Pexit  2  
1  0.2 * 2.22 
3.5