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Example 4
Water at 15C is to be discharged from a reservoir at a rate of 18 L/s using two horizontal cast
iron pipes connected in series and a pump between
them. The first pipe is 20 m long and has a 6-cm
diameter, while the second pipe is 35 m long and has a
4-cm diameter. The water level in the reservoir is 30 m
above the centerline of the pipe. The pipe entrance is
sharp-edged, and losses associated with the connection
of the pump are negligible. Determine the required
pumping head and the minimum pumping power to maintain the indicated flow rate.

Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 15C are  = 999.1 kg/m3 and  = 1.13810-
3
kg/ms. sharp-edged entrance. cast iron pipes.

D1 = 6 cm, D2 = 4 cm, ηpump =75%

Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 15C are  = 999.1 kg/m3 and  = 1.13810-
3
kg/ms. The loss coefficient is KL = 0.5 for a sharp-edged entrance. The roughness of cast iron pipes
is  = 0.00026 m.

Analysis We take point 1 at the free surface of the tank, and point 2 and the reference level at the
centerline of the pipe (z2 = 0). Noting that the fluid at both points is open to the atmosphere (and thus
P1 = P2 = Patm) and that the fluid velocity at the free surface of the tank is very low (V1  0), the
energy equation for a control volume between these two points (in terms of heads) simplifies to

P1 V12 P V2 V22
+ + z1 + hpump = 2 + 2 + z 2 + hturbine + hL → z1 + hpump = + hL
g 2 g g 2 g 2g
Where

 L V
2
hL = hL , total = hL ,major + hL ,minor =   f +  KL  and the summation is over two pipes.
 D  2g
Noting that the two pipes are connected in series and thus the flow rate through each of them
is the same, the head loss for each pipe is determined as follows (we designate the first pipe
by 1 and the second one by 2):

Pipe 1:

Q Q 0.018 m 3 /s
V1 = = = = 6.367 m/s
Ac1 D12 / 4  (0.06 m) 2 / 4

Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics (Dr. Hameed Alawadi) 97