Diploma in Civil Engineering DCC30122 FLUIDS MECHANICS

DCC30122 – FLUIDS
MECHANICS
CHAPTER 5

FLUID FLOW
 Main losses and minor losses in a pipe
system
The heat loss, h that ocour in a pipe flow so that the energy
equation can be use in the analysis of pipe flow problem.
The overall head loss for pipe system constst of the head
loss
due to viscous effect in the straight pipes,termed loss and
donated hf (major). The head loss in various pipe components,
termed minor loss denoted hf(minor).

Total Head Loss, Hf=hf(major)+hf(minor)

There are 2 types of loses of energy in a pipe which are:

1. Main Losses (Because of friction in pipe)

2.Minor Losses (Because by separation losses

MINOR LOSSES IN
PIPE
1
• SUDDEN
ENLARGEMENT
2
• SUDDEN CONTRACTION
3
• ENTRANCE LOSS
4
• EXIT LOSS
5
• PIPE BENDS
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT

Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

Example
1
A pipe of 100mm diameter is
suddenly enlarged to 200mm
diameter. Find the loss of head
when the discharge is 60
litres/s
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

Cc = Coefficient of contraction
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

Example
2:
A horizontal pipe of 180mm
diameter suddenly reduces its
diameter to 120mm. If water flows in
the pipe with a velocity of 2 m/s, find
the loss of head due to sudden
contraction and the discharge through
the pipe.
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

Example
When3: a sudden contraction is used in
a horizontal pipe from
400 mm to 200 mm, the pressure
changes from 100kPa to 80kPa. If the
coefficient of contraction for the jet is
0.62, find the discharge through the
pipe
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT THE ENTRANCE IN A PIPE

Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT THE ENTRANCE IN A PIPE

Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

Example
4:
A horizontal pipe of 100mm
diameter has its central portion
enlarged to 200mm. If discharge
through the pipe is
1.2 m3/min. Determine the loss of
head at entrance, sudden
enlargement and sudden
contraction.
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT THE EXIT IN A PIPE

Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

Example
5: of 40mm diameter is conveying
A pipe
water with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Find
the loss of head at the entrance and
exit of the pipe
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT PIPE BENDS

bends
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT PIPE BENDS

Tee Branch
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

HEAD LOSS AT PIPE BENDS

Y Branch
UNTIGHT VALVE
 Darcy-Weisbach
• Use in the analysis of pressure pipe system.
• However, the formula is sufficiently general so that can be
applied readily to open channel flow system.
• (Friction Factors) that are used in distribution to refine the
distance measure between zones
• Friction factor (f) can refer to Darcy friction factor

hf = head loss due to friction loss (m)

•f= Coefficient of friction in the pipe
•l= length of the pipe (m)
•d = diameter of the pipe (m)
•v = velocity of the liquid in the pipe (m/s)
•g = gravity (m/s²)
 Explain Darcy’s equation for computing the energy
loss due to friction for either laminar or turbulent
flow
Darcy –Weisbach (laminar or turbulen)

Where;
f = friction laminar, f = 16
factor Re
turbulent, f refer moody
l = lenght of chat
pipe v = liquid
velocity d = pipe
diameter
 Calculate the friction factor using Moody’s Diagram

relative roughness k/d

Friction factor

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 Explain the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for computing
the
energy loss due to friction in laminar flow
Hagen – Poiseuille (Laminar)

hf = 32μLv
ρgd2

Where;
L = lenght of pipe
v = liquid
velocity d = pipe
diameter
μ = dynamic viscosity
ρ = density
 EXAMPLE
4.4
Water at 60 0C (1000 kg/m3 and μ=1.14 x 10 - 3 Ns/m2) is
flowing steadily in a 0.15 m diameter horizontal pipe at
a rate of 30 liter/s . The absolute roughness for
cast-iron can be taken as 0.25 mm.

i. Calculate the Reynold’s number and state type of flow.

ii. Find head loss due friction a 750 m long section of the
pipe, using Darcy – Weisbach. formula.
Answer
 EXAMPLE
Water 4.5
at 40 0C (specific gravity,s = 1.0 and μ = 1.49 x 10 - 3
Ns/m2) is flowing through a 0.3 cm diameter 9 m long
horizontal pipe steadily at an average velocity of 0.9 m/s.

i. Calculate the Reynold’s number and state type of flow.

ii. Find head loss due friction, using Hagen – Poisulle
formula.
iii. Check the answer b(ii) using Darcy – Weisbach.

Answer
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

PIPES IN SERIES
• The piping that is connected by several
pipe elements of different diameters in
order.

• Flow rate is constant

• Head loss is the summation of

parts
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

PIPES IN SERIES
Calculate flow through pipes in series

hf = 4f1 l 1v12
2d1g
1
h =0.5v12
2g
hL =v 2
1
2g

H = Z A - ZB = main losses + minor losses (enterance + exit

) 2
H = Z A - ZB 4f 1 l1 v1 2 0.5v 2 1 v
2 d1 g
+ 1 + 2g
= 2g
 hf = 4f1 l 1v12
2d1g
1
hC(T-P) =0.5v12
2g

VB= V1

H = Z A - ZB = V12 + main losses + minor losses (enterance)

2g
H = ZA - ZB = V 2+ 4f l v 2 + 0.5v 21
1 1 1
2g
1
2 d1 g 2g
 hf 1= 4f1 l 1v12
2d1g hf2 = 4f2 l 2v22 Q 1 = Q 2= Q 3
2d2g
1
hf 3= 4f3 l 3v32
hC(T-P) =0.5v1 2
2
2g 2d3g
3
hL (P-P) =v 21-v22
2g hC (P-P) = 1 –1 2v 2
CC 3

VB= V3 2g

H = Z A - ZB = V32 + main losses + minor losses

2g
H = Z A - ZB
= V1 2+ hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 3 + hC(T-P) + hL (P-P) + hC (P-P)
2g
Example 3
Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline, the
pipe is 300mm diameter and length 400m.
Calculate the rate of flow. Considering all losses
of head which occur. Take f= 0.0052
(ans: Q=0.393 m3/s)
Solution:

H = Z A - ZB = main losses + minor losses

4f l v 2
0.5v 2 v 2
H = Z A - ZB 1 1 1+ 1
+
2 d1 g 2g
=
4x0.0052x400 v 2 0.5x
2g 1 v1 +
1 2
1 v1 2
46 = 1 + (2x9.81)
( 2x0.3x9.81) (2x9.81)
46 = 1.414 v12 + 0.025 v12 + 0.051 v 2 1
46 = 1.49v 2 1

V1 = 5.556 m/s
Example 4
Ahorizontal pipe line (450m long and its diameter 100mm)
is connected to a water tank. The height of water level in
the tank is 12m above the center of the pipe. Determine the
rate of flow. Take f= 0.01
 VB= V1

H = Z A - ZB = V12 + main losses + minor losses

2g
H = ZA - Z = V 2+ 4f l v 2 + 0.5v 12
B
1 1 1 1 2g
2g 2 d1 g

2
12 = 0.051 V12 +9.174 V12 +0.025 V1

12 = 9.25 V12

V1 = 1.139m/s
 EDXpiEmol RaCniICSivE
i l CC303 Hydraulics I
1.En6gi.nA2eeuniformly
ring tapering pipe has a 120mm and 80mm diameters at
its ends. If the velocity of water at the larger end is 2m/s, find the
discharge at the larger end and the velocity head at the smaller.
[Ans. 22.62 liters/s ; 1.03m]

2. Find the total head of water flowing with the velocity of 8 m/s
under a pressure 80kPa. The center line of the pipe is 5m above
the datum line. [Ans. 16.41m]

3. A horizontal pipe 100m long uniformly tapers from 300mm

diameter to 200mm diameter. What is the pressure at the smaller
end, if the pressure at the larger end is 100kPa and the pipe is
discharging 50 liters of water per second. [Ans. 99.1kPa]
Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

PIPES IN PARALLEL
• Parallel Piping is the piping that the
fluid can flow from one location to
another location by two or more pipe
elements.

• Flow rate is the summation of the

components.

• Head loss is constant

Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I

PIPES IN
PARALLEL
Calculate flow through piphef s=ihnf
1 2
parallel
h =0.5v hf = 4f l v
C(T-P)
2g
1
2
1
1 1
1
2

2d 1g
Flow 1 h L (P-T)=v 12
2g
1

2
Flow 2

H = ZA h-hfZf1B1 == mahhifnf22losses + minor

22 22
4f
losses
1 l l
H = ZA - =
1 1v = 4 4f
4ff2 l lll v v2 +2 2v2 2
0.5v
1 22 2g 1 22g
g1
V 12
11=2 1d1B 222 dd1g +
1Z=
H ZA ?v- Z = 2 v 2 22 +
V =? 1 =2 =2 ?2 +2
1 1
 hf1 = hf2
4f1 l 1v 2 = 4f2 l 2v 2
1 2
2d g 2d 2g
1
v 1 or v 1 = ?

hf1 = hf2
f 1 l 1Q 2 = f 2 l 2Q 2
51
1 d
3 52
Q3do r Q =
1 1
? 2
 Example 5
Two reservoir are connected by two pipes of the same
length laid in parallel. The diameters of the pipes are
100mm and 300mm respectively. If the discharge
through 100mm diameter pipe is 0.01m3/s, what will
be the discharge through 300mm pipe? Assume that f
is same both pipes.
(ans: Q
0.156 m3/s)
2=
Solution:
hf1 = hf2
f 1 l 1Q 2 = f 2 l 2Q 2
3d 1 5
1
3d 52
22
Q12 = Q
2
d 15 d 5
2
0 .012 = Q 2
2
0.15 0. 35
 MINOR
LOSSES
Example 6
Two pipes of diameters 50mm and 100mm respectively,
each of length 100m respectively, are connected in parallel
between two reservoirs which have a difference of level of
10m. If the friction factor for each pipe is 0.32, calculate
rate of flow for each pipe.

(ans: Q2=0.156 m3/s)

 MINOR
Flow 1 LOSSES

H = ZA - ZB = main losses + minor losses

4f l v 2
0.5v 2
v 12
H = Z A - ZB = 1 1 1
+ 1+ 2g
2 d1 g 2g
4x0.320x100 v 2 0.5 v 2 1 v 12
+ (2x9.81)
10 = ) +
1 1
( 2x0.05x9.81) (4x9.81
10 = 130.479 v12 + 0.025 v12 + 0.051 v 2 1
10 = 130.555v 2 1

V1 = 0.277 m/s
 MINOR
LOSSES

hf1 = hf2
f 1 l 1Q 2 = f 2 l 2Q 2
3d 1 5
1
3d 52
22
Q12 = Q
2
d 15 2d
5
(5.439 x10-4 )2 = Q 2
2
0.055 0.1 5
 MINOR
Flow 2 LOSSES

H = Z A - ZB = main losses + minor losses

4f l v 2

H = Z A - ZB 2 2 2 0.5v 22 v 2 2
= 2 d 2g + 2g + 2g
2
0.5 v22 1 v2
4x0.320x100 v 2
2
10 = + (2x9.81) + (2x9.81)
( 2x0.1x9.81)
10 = 65.240 v22 + 0.025 v22 + 0.051 v22
10 = 65.316v 2 2

V2 = 0.391 m/s
 hf1 = hf2
f 1 l 1Q 2 = f 2 l 2Q 2
3d 1 5
1
3d 2 52

Q1 2 = Q 2

2
d5 d 25
1
Q12 = (3.0 71 x 10-3 )2
0.05 5 0.15
 Diploma in Civil Engineering

EXERCISE 6.3
1. A flow passes through an orifice of
diameter 25mm under a head of water
1.22 is 1.53 x 10-3 m3/s. Calculate the
discharge coefficient. [Ans. 0.63]

2. Find the discharge through a small orifice of

150mm deep and 400mm wide under a
constant head of 250mm. Take Cd as 0.625.
[Ans. 0.083 m3/s]
 Diploma in Civil Engineering CC303 Hydraulics I
3. A jet of water issues from an orifice
under a head of 160mm. Determine the
coefficient of velocity of the jet, if the
horizontal distance travelled by a point on
the jet is 320mm and vertical distance is
170mm. [Ans. 0.63]

4. Find the discharge through a small orifice of

150mm deep and 400mm wide under a
constant head of 250mm. Take Cd as 0.625.
[Ans. 0.083 m3/s]