Solved problems – 6th exercise

Solved problem 6.1.

Large reservoirs A and B are connected by a pipeline. Water of the temperature

t = 12°C flows through this pipeline from the pressure reservoir A to the open
reservoir B.
Determine the length of middle part of the pipeline with diameter D2, L2 = ?
(Δ2 = 0,6 mm, welded steel, after usage), in such a way that discharge Q = 18,9 l⋅s1
will flow through the pipeline. Above the water level in reservoir A there is an
overpressure ppA = 70kPa.
The pipeline with diameter D1 is from cast iron, after usage, with roughness
Δ1 = 0,8 mm. Coefficients of local losses – intake, 90° knee pipe, contraction,
enlargement and outlet are indicated in fig.1.(ev. in tab. 7, 10, 11.), loss coefficient of
valve can be found in tab. 8)

Figure 1

Solution

Velocities in pipeline with diameters D1 and D2 can be determined from

continuity equation Q = v.S

Q 4.Q 4.0,0189
v1 = = = = 0,119 ms −1
S1 π.D12
π.0,45 2

Q
v2 = = 1,54 ms −1
S2
v 3 = v1

K141 HYAE 1 exercise 6

Then Bernoulli equation will be used: reference level at the water level in the
reservoir B, 2 profiles will be considered at water levels in both reservoirs

p sA αv 12 p a αv 22
hA + + = hB + + + ∑ Z , where ∑Z represents friction and local losses
ρg 2g ρg 2g

‡”Z = Z m1 + Z t1 + Z m 2 + Z t 2 + Z m 3 + Z t 3

Coefficient of local loss by valve ξvalve can be determined from tab.8), coefficients of
friction losses λ1, λ2, and λ3 of steel and cast steel pipeline can be determined from
Moody diagram (tab. 5) - on the base of Reynolds number Re and relative roughness
Δ/D (roughness Δ1 = 0,8mm, Δ2 = 0,6mm - tab. 4)

Δ1 v .D 0,119.0,45
cast iron " Δ1 = 0,8mm " = 0,00177 " Re = 1 1 = = 43185,5
D1 υ 1,24.10 −6

→ transitional zone of flow, λ 1 = 0,027 , λ3 = 0,027

Δ2 v .D 1,54.0,125
steel " Δ 2 = 0,6mm " = 0,004 " Re = 2 2 = = 155242
D2 υ 1,24.10 6
→ transitional zone of flow, λ2 = 0,030
As in the Bernoulli equation pressure head of the overpressure ppA will be considered
in the first profile (water level in reservoir A), the value of pressure in the second
profile (water level in reservoir B) will then be considered to be zero. As reference
level is situated at the water level in reservoir B, geodetic head hA = 8,6, hB = 0).
Reservoirs A and B are large reservoirs and it is therefore possible to consider
αv 12 αv 22
vA = 0, vB = 0, i.e. also = = 0.
2g 2g

Bernoulli equation can that be rewritten as

p pA
hA + = Z m1 + Z t1 + Z m2 + Z t 2 + Z m3 + Z t 3
ρg

Determination of loss heads:

L1 v12 3,6 + 6,9 0,119 2
Z t 1 = λ1 = 0,027. . = 0,00045m
D1 2g 0,45 2g

v 22 v2 1,54 2
Zm 2 = ∑ ξ = (ξcontraction ) 2 = 0,41 = 0,04956m
2g 2g 2g
L 2 v 22 L 1,54 2
Z t2 = λ 2 = 0,03. 2 . = 0,029L 2m
D 2 2g 0,125 2g

v12 v12 0,119 2

Zm 3 =∑ξ = (ξenl arg ement + ξoutlet ) = (143 + 1) = 0,10393m
2g 2g 2g

K141 HYAE 2 exercise 6

 L3 v12 5,6 0,119 2
Z t 3 = λ1 = 0,027 = 0,00024m
D1 2g 0,45 2g

∑ Z = 0,15838 + 0,029L 2

Introducing these losses into arranged Bernoulli equation, the requested length L2 of
the pipeline will be obtained..

70000
8,6 + = 0,15838 + 0,029L 2 L 2 = 537,14m
1000.9,81

K141 HYAE 3 exercise 6

Solved problem 6.2

Calculate the capacity (Q) of the siphon tube and review its function. The
siphon tube leads water from the upper reservoir A to open air (D). Water level in A is
at HA = 3,5 m. The beginning of siphon is at H = 3 m, its top at HC = 5 m, the outflow
is at HD = 0 m. The siphon is used steel pipeline, with diameter D = 0,1 m. The inlet
intervenes into reservoir. At the rising branch of siphon there is a sharp-crested knee
pipe, δ = 45 º and top of the siphon is formed by right angle bend, with curvature
r/D = 2. Length of the horizontal part of siphon at the reservoir is LAB = 0,8 m.
Temperature of water is 15°C.

Figure 3

S o l u t i o n:

Bernoulli equation for profile of water level in reservoir and profile of outflow to open
air (where also reference level is considered) can be written:
p a v 2A p v2
HA + + = HD + a + D + ∑ Z
ρg 2g ρg 2g

The reservoir can be considered to be large and approach velocity vA can therefore
be considered to be zero ⇒ Bernoulli equation leads to
v D2
H A − HD = + ∑Z
2g
Determination of losses in Bernoulli equation:
L v2
Friction loss → from Darcy-Weisbach equation Zt = λ
D 2g
Δ
welded steel : Δ = 0,0005 m " = 0,005
D

K141 HYAE 4 exercise 6

The lengths of siphon comes from its geometry (see fig.): LB-C= 2,83 m, LC-D= 7,07 m.
Total length of siphon is L = LAB + LBC + LCD.
Neither discharge nor velocity of flow in siphon is known, zone of flow cannot
therefore be determined in advance. Therefore, as a first step of calculation,
quadratic zone will be presumed at first (this presumption must be verified later).
From Moody diagram - for quadratic zone and calculated value of relative roughness
→ λ = 0,03.
Local loss:
v2
∑ Zm = ∑ ξ ⋅
2.g
Coefficients of local losses for
inlet to pipe: ξi = 0,9 (pipe intervenes into reservoir),
quarter-circular bend: ξb = 0,30
knee pipe of 45°: ξk 45° = 0,32

v2
⇒ ∑ Zm = (ξi + ξb + ξk 45° ) ⋅
2.g
Total losses:: ∑ Z = Z t + ∑ Zm

Solving Bernoulli equation, the velocity of flow will be received:

v D2 ⎛ L ⎞v
2
⎛ L ⎞v
2
HA − HD = + ⎜ λ + ξi + ξb + ξk 45° ⎟ D = ⎜1 + λ + ξi + ξb + ξk 45° ⎟ D
2g ⎝ D ⎠ 2g ⎝ D ⎠ 2g

3,5 * 2g
vD = = 1,427 m ⋅ s−1
0,8 + 2,83 + 7,07
1 + 0,3 ⋅ + 0,30 + 0,32
0,1
Now the presumption of quadratic zone of flow has to be verified:
v ⋅ D 1,427 ⋅ 0,1
Reynolds number Re = = = 124087 = 1,2 ⋅ 105
ν 1,15.10 − 6
It can be seen from Moody diagram that flow is on the border of quadratic and
transitional zone (rather quadratic). The previous presumption was therefore good
and no corrections will have to be done. I.e., in case, that the demand point in
transitional zone, it would be necessary to determine a new value of coefficient of
friction loss λ, and calculate a corrected value of velocity v. The whole procedure
should be repeated till values of λ between 2 steps of calculation will not repeat any
more.
(Instead of Moody diagram, it is possible to use for determination of λ some of
empirical equation.)
Inescapable part of calculation of siphon: verification of siphon function.

K141 HYAE 5 exercise 6

Underpressures are created at the top of siphon (point C). For a good function of
siphon, the maximum possible value of underpressure head of 7 m of water column
⎛ p va ⎞
⎜
⎜ ρg ≈ (6 ÷ 8 ) m w. col. ⎟ must not be surpassed.
⎟
⎝ max ⎠
⇒ Bernoulli equation will again be used, this time 2 profiles will be water level in
reservoir (here also the reference level is considered) and the top of siphon:
pa αv 2A p αv 2
HA + + = HC + C + +∑Z
ρg 2g ρg 2g

pa pC p vaC αv 2
− = = HC − HA + +∑Z
ρg ρg ρg 2g
Losses will be now determined for the pipe reach between inlet to siphon and top of
siphon. The length of pipeline in then L = LAB + LBC.
2
⎛ L ⎞ v
∑ Z A − C = Z t ( A − C ) + ∑ Zm( A − C ) = ⎜ λ ⋅ A − C + ξi + ξk 45° + 0,5 ⋅ ξb ⎟ ⋅ =
⎝ D ⎠ 2g

⎛ 0,8 + 2,83 ⎞ 1,427 2

= ⎜ 0,03 ⋅ + 0,9 + 0,32 + 0,30 ⎟ ⋅ = 0,268 m
⎝ 0,1 ⎠ 2g
p vaC 1,427 2
⇒ = 5 − 3,5 + + 0,268 = 1,872 m w. col. < 7 m w. col. ⇒
ρg 2g
⇒ function of siphon from the point of view of underpressures has been confirmed.

K141 HYAE 6 exercise 6