Waste Management xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Evaluation of the energy generation potential by an experimental

characterization of residual biomass blends from Córdoba, Colombia in a
downdraft gasifier
Rafael D. Gomez a,⇑, Mario Palacio a, Juan F. Arango b, Adrian E. Avila b, Jorge M. Mendoza b
a
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia
b
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad De Córdoba, Colombia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An experimental characterization of crop residue biomass blends to evaluate their energy potential was
Received 30 April 2020 conducted using an experimental approach in a commercial scale downdraft gasifier. Corncobs, rice
Revised 8 October 2020 husks, sesame stalks and cotton gin refuse were used to study the effect of mixture proportions on equiv-
Accepted 9 October 2020
alence ratio, gasification temperature, syngas lower heating value (LHV), and cold gas efficiency (CGE).
Available online xxxx
Using an experimental mixture design, thirty-two sample blends were evaluated in an Ankur WBG-30
downdraft gasifier with 30 kg/h feed supply coupled with a syngas purification system, temperature sen-
Keywords:
sors and a gas chromatograph. Syngas composition CO, H2, CH4, N2 and CO2 are presented for each blend.
Colombia
Gasification
It was found that temperature, syngas composition, syngas lower heating value and cold gas efficiency
Biomass were negatively affected as the proportion of rice husks in the mixture was increased. It was possible
Energy to reach CGE values up to 57.91% and LHV up to 4460 kJ/kg under certain blending conditions. A higher
Co-gasification percentages of rice husks caused a considerable increase in the variability of the equivalence ratio result-
Equivalence ratio ing in suboptimal gasification conditions.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction promotes specific combustion reactions that release heat and

The elevated concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmo-
sphere has been a result in part of the burning of fossil fuels that
added an additional pollution load to the environment, thus con-
tributing to an increase in earth’s average temperature. Fossil fuels
represent about 85% of the current energy sources. (BP Statistical
Review of World Energy, 2018). Alternative renewable energy
sources like biomass are being tested for gasification, because that
process is cleaner and produces less carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases. A literature survey revealed that various
types of biomass have been utilized to assess the effects of the
key variables in the gasification process, like temperature and the
equivalence ratio (ER). These studies are normally carried out with
crop residues to give added value to these wastes (Martínez et al.,
2015). Several authors have evaluated the effect of ER on gasifica-
tion temperature, showing that an increase in this variable
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: rafael.gomezv@upb.edu.co (R.D. Gomez), mario.palaciov@
upb.edu.co (M. Palacio), juanarangom@correo.unicordoba.edu.co (J.F. Arango),
aeavilag@gmail.com (A.E. Avila), jorge.mendoza@correo.unicordoba.edu.co
(J.M. Mendoza).
increase gasification temperature (Guo et al., 2014). These studies
have also shown that gasification at temperatures around 850 °C
produced higher volumetric concentrations of CO and H2
(Almeida et al., 2019). Others have demonstrated the effects of
ER on gasification variables such as temperature, CGE and lower
heating value (LHV). Small variations in ER decrease LHV because
it is close to the combustion zone, which also explains the increase
in temperature. The concentration of CO and H2 in the producer gas
decreased as the ER increased (Ghassemi y Shahsavan-Markadeh,
2014; Upadhyay et al., 2019; Zheng et al., 2016).
Verification of the optimal mixtures of organic materials for
gasification was the focus of several studies. Inayat et al. (2014)
studied the biomass co-gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) with
wood at blending ratios of 80:20, 50:50 and 20:80. The tempera-
ture profile and process stability in the reactor were evaluated,
and it was found that the 80:20 wood:OPF blend produced the
longest steady flare duration with periods of stable gasification
up to 49.5 min. Sulaiman et al. (Sulaiman et al., 2017) studied
the co-gasification of coconut shells (CS) and fronds (CF) with
wood chips (WC) in the presence of a catalyst. Their results showed
that a blending ratio of 70:30 WC:CS increased the production of
hydrogen by up to 11.7 volumes, which is an increase of 31%

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.014
0956-053X/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al., Evaluation of the energy generation potential by an experimental characterization of
residual biomass blends from Córdoba, Colombia in a downdraft gasifier, Waste Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.014
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al.
Nomenclature
C Carbon [%]
CGE Cold gas efficiency [%]
CH4 Methane [%]
CO Carbon monoxide [%]
CO2 Carbon dioxide [%]
ER Equivalence ratio [-]
FC Fixed carbon [%]
H Hydrogen [%]
HHV Higher heating value [kJ/kg]
LHV Lower heating value [kJ/kg]
MC Moisture content [%]
N Nitrogen [%]
n_ Molar flow [kmol/s]
O Oxygen [%]
S Total sulfur [%]
v Molar fraction of a component [-]
VM Volatile material [%]
compared to other blending conditions. The main reason for this
increase was the improved temperature stability in the combus-
tion zone by avoiding the packing of biomass under this mixture.
Inayat et al. (2016) explored the co-gasification of OPF and CS using
a fixed-bed downstream gasifier with blending ratios of 100:0,
80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100, OPF:CS. The 40:60 mixture
showed an increase in CO and H2 and maximum calorific value
of 18%, 16% and 14% respectively, for a 95% increase in carbon con-
version. Wei et al. (2017) studied the effects of gasification temper-
ature and blending ratios of coal and biomass using
thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of the structure was
analyzed to explore synergies in reactivity due to the mixture.
The results revealed a synergy that resulted in a doubling of the
reactivity by increasing the coal-to-biomass ratio to 1:3 ratio and
the gasification temperature to 1000 °C. This phenomenon was
related to the appearance of a molten biomass ash rich in vitreous
potassium with a reduced inhibition effect at high temperatures.
The observed synergistic effect on co-gasification was due the
presence of alkaline earth materials like potassium, calcium and
sodium as part of the inorganic content (Zhang and Zheng, 2016).
The increase in biomass alkalinity resulted in an increase in the
reactivity of CO2 gasification of lignocellulosic compounds.
Among the available types of biomass, corncobs are one of the
most abundant agricultural waste products in the world, repre-
senting a bioenergy feedstock of 1532–5405 million tons per year
(WBA Global Bionergy Statistics 2017, 2017). Its shape and size
make it suitable for gasification without pretreatment for size
reduction, densification or drying. It has been demonstrated that
corncobs synergize with raw materials that are not suitable for
direct gasification (Gómez et al., 2019). Rice husks are the agricul-
tural commodity with the third-highest production worldwide and
are suitable for direct gasification (Yoon et al., 2012). Sesame stalks
(SS) and cotton gin trash (CGT), as received, are not suitable for
direct gasification because of their density and morphology, but
these underutilized crop wastes could be an abundant source of
biomass if properly treated (Capareda and Parnell, 2007). There
have been few papers on co-gasification of agricultural wastes
and there are no reports of direct gasification of CGT and SS as
received for downdraft reactors because the low density of these
materials makes them unsuitable for direct gasification.
This paper presents an experimental characterization of crop
residue biomass mixtures consisting of corncobs (CC), rice husks
(RH), sesame stems (SS) and cotton gin trash (CGT), to explore
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Subscripts
Actual Real biomass-air ratio
Air Air used as an oxidizing agent
BC Biochar produced
Fuel Biomass fuel
Gas Produced gas
m Steam present in the produced gas
Res Residual carbon
Stoich Theoretical stoichiometric combustion ratio
Tar Tar present in the produced gas
W Water associated with biomass moisture
Acronyms
CC Corncobs
CGT Cotton gin trash
RH Rice husks
SS Sesame stalks
possible synergistic effects and to identify mixing proportions that
can improve the gasification process and allow the use of normally
unsuitable biomass materials. These crop wastes were selected as
feedstocks because they are the main regional crops in Córdoba-
Colombia, are not used as a bioenergy source, and constitute a con-
siderable amount of solid waste for disposal. An experimental mix-
ture design was executed to study the effect of biomass
proportions on syngas composition, calorific value, and cold gas
efficiency. The samples were blended without pretreatment of
the raw materials according to the proportions established in the
mix design. The experimental tests were carried out on a down-
draft gasifier with a capacity of 30 kg/h. The gasification tempera-
ture was recorded and the composition of the gas was analyzed by
chromatography. The performance parameters were estimated by
stoichiometric analysis using the composition results from chro-
matography, proximal analysis and elemental analysis of the raw
materials.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Biomass characterization and preparation
For this work the following agricultural crop resides were used
as biomass: corncobs (CC), rice husks (RH), sesame stems (SS) and
cotton gin trash (CGT). The materials were collected and used
without densification, crushing or drying. Under equilibrium, the
total moisture content of all biomass mixtures was about
17 ± 3%, and the typical sizes were: CC (diameter, 24 mm; length,
66 mm), RH (4 mm
6 mm), SS (length, 9 cm) and CGT (11 mm).
Each mixture contained 150 kg of biomass, which guaranteed an
operation time of at least five hours. A mixture design with the
maximum and minimum proportions was used for the biomass
blends (Table 1). The ingredients were manually mixed until
homogenization was achieved. The experimental ranges were pri-
oritized based on the calorific values recorded upon proximate and
elemental analysis, and on the granular dynamic of the biomass at
the gasifier’s bed. The biomasses with higher calorific value like CC
and CGT had higher mixing ratios. However, the material bed pack-
aging problems caused by high proportions of CGT limited its mix-
ing ratio ranges despite the fact that CGT had the highest calorific
value. The gasification performance was evaluated with response
surfaces from a D-optimal mixture design, using the variables
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al. Waste Management xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1 meter. The biochar production rate was quantified by weighing

Blend factors, experimental ranges, and response variables. the biochar accumulated in the lower chamber and the ash
Blend Factors Minimum Blend Ratio Maximum Blend Ratio cyclone. The air supply was controlled by valves while the biomass
(%) (%) raw material was added manually through the hopper every hour,
Corn cobs (CC) 40 100 adjusting amounts to keep bed material height stable. As the bio-
Rice husks (RH) 0 30 mass was gasified, the ash produced was manually removed from
Sesame stalks (SS) 0 30 the ash box. A portion of the gas produced was burned in an engine
Cotton gin trash 0 50
(CGT)
coupled to a generator, while the remaining gas was sampled every
minute for analysis using a chromatograph to characterize the gas
Response Variables Units
Gasification temperature °C
properties. This configuration is shown in Fig. 1.
Fuel species percentage %
Hydrogen percentage (H2) % 3. Analysis of syngas composition
Methane percentage (CH4) %
Carbon monoxide percentage (CO) %
Carbon dioxide percentage (CO2) % The gasification performance and efficiency were analyzed
Equivalence ratio (ER) – using the global gasification reaction shown in Eq (1). The compo-
Lower heating value (LHV) kJ/kg sition of the non-condensable gases vCO, vCO2, vCH4, vH2 + and
Cold gas efficency (CGE) % vN2, the instantaneous gas flow (n_ gas ) and the unreacted carbon
(n_ BC ) were measured for each blend gasification.
presented in Table 1. An optimization technique was carried out to : :
nfuel þ nair ð0:21O2 þ0:79N2 Þ
identify the blends showing maximum synergetic effects on gasifi- : :
cation efficiency. þ nw H2 O ¼ngas ðv CO þ v CO2 þ v CH4 þ v H2 þ v N2 Þ
: : :
þ nm H2 O þ ntar C 6 H6:2 O0:2 þ nBC C res ð1Þ
2.2. Experimental set-up
Where n_ fuel is the biomass molar flow defined by the biomass
The evaluation was carried out on a downdraft gasifier, model elementary composition and its consumption by the gasifier, n_ air
WBG-30 (Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies Pvt. Ltd.), with is the molar flow of air used as an oxidizing agent, n_ gas is the molar
two air nozzles and a synthetic gas cleaning system including a flow of the produced gas measured in Eq.(2), n_ w is the amount of
cyclone for solid material (a), a wet scrubber system for drying water associated with biomass moisture, n_ m and n_ Tar are the
and tar removal (b), and particle filters (c). The combustion zone amount of steam and tar present in the produced gas, and n_ BC is
is located at the same level as the air inlet. Above this zone, the defined as the amount of biochar produced, measured as residue
stages of pyrolysis and drying occur, and the reduction zone is at the bottom of the gasifier. For the mass balance the molecular
located below the combustion zone. The gasifier has a biomass pro- representation of tar is the formula C6H6.2O0.2 proposed by
cessing capacity of 30 kg/h, and is designed to operate in batch Thunman et al. (2001). Tar and water are assumed to be removed
mode using woody biomass with sizes of approximately 8 cm by the wet scrubber. The relationship between the mass of air
and a feedstock moisture content <20% (%w). The atmospheric con- and gas shown in Eq.(3) is computed using a nitrogen balance,
ditions during the experimental tests indicated an average ambient assuming that air is the only source of N2 and any biomass content
temperature of 33.5° C, barometric pressure of 1010 hPa and a rel- from the elementary analysis can be disregarded.
ative humidity of 78%. A gas chromatograph (d) was used to quan-
tify the gas composition with an internal standard calibration. The n_ gas 1  0:21
¼ ð2Þ
airflow and synthesis gas were measured by an orifice plate flow n_ air v N2

Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for gasification with a downdraft gasifier reactor.

3
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al. Waste Management xxx (xxxx) xxx

Eq. (4), (5) and (6) come from the biomass species balance LHV gas ¼ 12:636v CO þ 10:798v H2 þ 3:5818v CH4 ð6Þ
where C, H and O are the normalized molar fractions defined by
The equivalent ratio shows the quantitative relationship
elementary analysis.
between the biomass-air ratio and the theoretical stoichiometric
: : : :
nfuel C ¼ ngas ðv CO þ v CO2 þ v CH4 Þ þ 6ntar þ nBC C res ð3Þ combustion ratio (Gordillo et al., 2009) calculated by Eq. (8) and
(9).
: : : : :
nfuel O þ 0:2nair þ 0:5w ¼ ngas ð0:5v CO þ v CO2 Þ þ 0:5nm þ ntar ð4Þ

n_ air =n_ fuel Actual
: ER ¼
 ð8Þ
: :
nfuel H þ 2w ¼ ngas ð4v CH4 þ 2v H2 Þ þ 6:2ntar þ 2nw
:
ð5Þ n_ air =n_ fuel Stoich

The lower calorific value, LHV, of the gas (MJ / Nm3) is calcu- : !
nair 1
lated by Eq.(6), where the coefficients of each fraction correspond : ¼ ð1:866C þ 5:55H  0:7OÞ ð9Þ
to its calorific value. nfuel 0:21
Stoich

Table 2
Proximate and elemental analyses.

CC RH SS CGT Method
MC (v/v) 10.52 10.18 10.71 10.51 ASTM D3173
ASH (v/v) 7.71 8.33 16.98 5.44 ASTM D3174
VM (v/v) 65.23 64.67 55.43 68.42 ISO 562
FC (v/v) 16.54 16.82 16.88 15.63 ASTM D3172
S (v/v) 0.09 0.1 0.16 0.2 ASTM D4239
HHV (kJ/kg) 16,230 16,166 14,543 18,263 ASTM D5865
C (v/v) 39.95 39.27 33.67 39.3 ASTM D5373
H (v/v) 4.97 4.91 3.81 4.7
O (v/v) 46.77 55.23 44.56 49.35
N (v/v) 0.6 0.59 0.98 1.21

Fig. 2. (a) Gasification temperature, and (b) percent of fuel species in gas mixture at different percentages of RH.

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R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al. Waste Management xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Percentage of (a) H2, (b) CH4, and (c) CO in gas mixtures at different RH %.

The efficiency of cold gasification, CGE, is defined by the energy 4. Results

ratio between the gas flow and the energy provided by the
biomass: The results are presented in the order corresponding to the
n_ gas LHV gas stages in the gasification process. The results of the proximate
CGE ¼ ð10Þ and elemental analysis of the studied biomasses are shown first,
n_ fuel LHV Biomass

5
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al.
followed by the gasification temperatures, fuel species, and global
performance parameters. HHV and CGE are analyzed using ternary
diagrams of response surfaces. Lastly, the most favorable condi-
tions for direct gasification of mixtures containing previously
non-suitable biomass are presented.
4.1. Raw material analysis
The interactions between different types of feedstock in
mixed-biomass gasification can significantly affect performance.
These changes may be associated with the chemical composition
of the components and the textural properties that affect the bed
mobility and packaging. Table 2 shows the results of the charac-
terization by proximate and elemental analysis and the methods
used.
It can be seen in Table 2, there was no significant difference in
fixed carbon, content of volatiles and the elemental composition of
the different biomasses. Therefore, the differences in the syngas
compositions for the different mixtures are mainly attributable
to physical interactions. However, the gasification performance
can be affected by the observed differences between the calorific
powers of the biomasses, highlighting by SS with the lowest HHV
and CGT with the highest HHV.
Fig. 4. Percentage of CO2 in gas mixtures at (a) 0% RH, (b) 15% RH, and (c) 30% RH.
Fig. 5. Equivalence ratio, ER, in biomass gasification mixtures at (a) 0% RH, (b) 15% RH, and (c) 30% RH.
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4.2. Temperature and fuel species evaluation
A temperature decrease was observed with larger proportions
of RH. The ternary plots show that the highest temperatures
occurred when the proportions of CC and CGT were highest
(Fig. 2a). This can be explained by the fact that RH have a lower
reactivity than other biomass materials (Bhat et al., 2001) (Gaur
et al., 1992), which can cause changes in the temperature distribu-
tion within the reactor. Fig. 2b shows the reactive fuel species com-
positions during the gasification process (omitting N2). These
ternary plots are used to evaluate the CC, SS, and CGT blends for
the three values of RH (0, 0.15, and 0.3). As the RH concentration
in the blend increases, the fraction of H2, CO, and CH4 fuel species
in the syngas decreases as observed in Fig. 3. The largest proportion
of combustible species was reached in two zones. The first was
when the CC ratio was between 0.7 and 1, the SS between 0.3
and 0.08, and the CGT<0.075 (see Fig. 2b at 0% RH). The second
zone was located where CC concentrations were <0.8, SS > 0.08
and CGT between 0.5 and 0.3. This trend continued for higher
percentages of RH.
Regarding the combustible species, it was observed that the
midlevel rice husk blend (RH = 15%) promoted the generation of
H2, while H2 decreased when RH was >15% and with higher CC
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al.
proportions (Fig. 2b at 15% RH). The low concentrations of methane
and its high variability did not allow an adequate inference
between the ternary plots shown in Fig. 2b at 15% RH. However,
a reduction was noticeable with increasing proportions of RH. CO
generation was favored by high ratios of CC or CGT as long the
addition of RH was maintained at the highest level (Fig. 2b at
30% RH).
The ternary plots show that CO2 production increased with
higher percentages of RH, and was lower with high proportions
of CC or CGT (Fig. 4). The most outstanding effect of co-
gasification in low-density biomass (non-woody) blends was the
wide range of the equivalence ratio (ER) because of suboptimal
granular dynamics of the bed packaging and associated reactivity
differences. As observed in Fig. 5, the addition of RH generated a
considerable increase in the variability of the ER, producing non-
recommended conditions for gasification when the ER was > 0.5.
In contrast, when RH was not in the blend, the ER was maintained
in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.
4.3. LHV gas and cold gas efficiency
Higher calorific values were observed when the percentage of
RH was highest, while at intermediate percentages, the opposite
occurred. The ternary plots (Fig. 6a) show that in the absence of
RH, the calorific value was highest when there were large fractions
of CGT or SS in the mixture. However, when the percentage of RH
was increased, the LHV kept high only at high CGT ratios.
The highest cold gas efficiency values were found with the lar-
gest percentages of RH. In the absence of RH (0%), the highest val-
ues were found with the largest proportion of CGT or SS. This
Fig. 6. (a) Gas lower heating value with N2 and O2 discounted and (b) cold gas efficiency at different RH percentages.
7
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occurs because CGE is dependent on calorific value, but is also
affected by gasification performance (See Fig. 6b). In general,
increased gasification efficiency and fuel species performance are
associated with improvements in bed stability. Due to complex
friction effects and mechanical interactions between particles.
Some mixtures with different shapes and sizes could generates
bridges formation (Mattsson, 1990). In this study is possible that
some mixtures result in complex shape interactions avoiding ‘rat
hole’ formation and enhancing heterogeneity and bed mobility.
This was also reported by Inayat et al. (2014) who showed that
some mixing conditions of non-pretreated biomass generated
instability in the reactor temperature profiles that affected
performance.
5. Conclusions
The characterization of the composition of the gas, its calorific
value, and the efficiency of the cold gas was achieved by means
of surface graphical analysis from a D-optimal mixture design. It
was found that temperature, composition, calorific value of the
gas and efficiency were negatively affected as the proportion of rice
husks in the mixture increased, adding variability and noise to the
gasification process. The equivalence ratios and the calorific values
reported here are similar to those reported in the literature, which
makes these kinds of mixtures suitable for producing synthesis gas.
The addition of rice husks caused a significant increase in ER and
reduced fuel species. For this reason, high proportions of RH are
not recommended for co-gasification with corncobs, sesame stalks,
or cotton gin trash. The use of crop waste in biomass blends with-
out pretreatment generates favorable synergies for gasification
R.D. Gomez, M. Palacio, J.F. Arango et al.
efficiency associated with enhanced packing conditions. It is possi-
ble to reach CGE values up to 57.91% and LHV up to 4460 kJ/kg
under specific blends conditions. Using blends for co-gasification
allows the inclusion of crop residues that individually could pre-
sent bed-packing problems. Lastly, the interactions between CGT
and SS showed promising values for subsequent testing since they
were associated with the best gasification conditions.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors of this paper wish to thank the Research Center for
Development and Innovation CIDI, School of Mechanical Engineer-
ing at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Montería, and the con-
tribution of resources from the Convention 753 of 2013
(Gobernaccion de Cordoba y UPB -Monteria). And The authors
thank the Universidad de Córdoba as a source of funding, within
the framework of the Internal Call for Research Projects framed
in the Sustainability of Research Groups year 2017. ‘‘Acta No. FI-
05-17 de 2019”.
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