Presentation

of Data
 OBJECTIVES . . .
At the end of this session, the students should
be able to:

1. gathers statistical data; and

2. uses appropriate graphs to represent

organized data: pie chart, bar graph, line
graph, Pareto chart, histogram, and ogive.
Gathered data can be made more
interesting by presenting them in
the form of graphs and tables.
Also it is easier to understand and
more appealing and pleasing to
the reader.
 Flow of Discussion

Bar Graph Pareto Chart Line Graph

Pie Chart
Different Graphs
of Frequency
Distribution Table
 GRAPHS
Bar Graph
Bar graphs are usually applied
to compare data and to
determine which class or
interval is more common or
frequently appears in the text.
Rectangular figures or bars
are used to show variations in
frequencies of observations.
Pareto Chart
Used to represent a
distribution for a
categorical variable, and
the frequencies are
displayed by the heights
of vertical bars, which are
arranged in order from
highest to lowest.
 BAR GRAPH
The table shows the average money spent by
first-year college students.

Electronics 36,400
Dorm Décor 17,200
Clothing 7,050
Shoes 3,600
 BAR GRAPH
First-Year College Student Spending
Shoes

Clothing

Dorm Décor

Electronic

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

 PARETO CHART
Average Amount Spent
40000

30000

20000

10000

0
Electronic Dorm Décor Clothing Shoes
 BAR GRAPH
Bar graphs can also be used to compare data for two or more
groups. These types of bar graphs are called compound bar
graphs. Consider the following data for the number (in
thousands) of never been married adults in the Philippines.
YEAR MALE FEMALE TOTAL
1960 15.3 12.3 27.6 Correlated Data
1980 24.2 20.2 44.4 A data where two or more
2000 32.3 27.8 60.1 frequencies are shown for
easy comparison.
2010 40.2 34.0 74.2
TOTAL 112 94.3 206.3
 BAR GRAPH
Never been Married Adults
50
Number (in thousands)

40
30
20 MALE

10 FEMALE

0
1960 1980 2000 2010
Year
To show trends and increase in sales,
improvement of scores, rise or fall of
temperature of patients, enrolment of
students in certain courses, and
comparison of population per year, the
line graph is more appropriate to be
used than the bar graph.

Line Graph
 LINE GRAPH
The data shows the percentage of Philippine
adults who smoke.
Year Percent
1970 37
1980 33 Time Series Data
1990 25
Data shows the change of a
2000 23 variable over a period of time.
2010 19
2019 15
 LINE GRAPH
Percentage of Philippine Adult Smokers
40
30
Percent

20
10
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
Year
 Pie Chart
Pie chart is helpful in comparing
different parts of a whole at a glance. A
circular chart is divided into sectors and
the size of each sector is proportional to
the quantity it represents.
 PIE CHART
The frequency distribution shows the number of
pounds of each snacks food eaten during the Super
Bowl. Snack Pounds
Potato Chips 11.2 million
Tortilla Chips 8.2 million
Pretzels 4.3 million
Popcorn 3.8 million
Snack Nuts 2.5 million
 PIE CHART
Super Bowl Snacks
8%
13%
38%

14%

27%

Potato Chips Tortilla Chips Pretzels Popcorn Snack Nuts

 Frequency Distribution Table Graphs

Frequency Relative
Histogram Frequency

Frequency
Polygon
FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM

For grouped data, the frequency CLASS INTERVALS FREQUENCY

histogram is one of the graph styles 58 – 64 1
which can be used. The frequency is 65 – 71 6
represented by points in the vertical 72 – 78 10
axis and the class intervals in the 79 – 85 14
horizontal axis. Each bar represents
86 – 92 12
the class interval with its
corresponding frequency. Distribution of Blood Glucose
levels in milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL)
 FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
Distribution of Blood Glucose levels in milligrams
per deciliter (mg/dL)
15

10

0
58 – 64 65 – 71 72 – 78 79 – 85 86 – 92
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
CLASS CLASS
FREQUENCY
Unlike in the frequency histogram INTERVALS MARK
where bars drawn side by are used, 58 – 64 1 61
points connected by line segments 65 – 71 6 68
are utilized in the frequency polygon. 72 – 78 10 75
It looks like the ordinary line graph 79 – 85 14 82
except for the tables in the
86 – 92 12 89
horizontal axis which are class
intervals. Distribution of Blood Glucose
levels in milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL)
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
Distribution of Blood Glucose levels in milligrams
per deciliter (mg/dL)
15

10

0
61 68 75 82 89
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
CLASS RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
The relative frequency is also INTERVALS FERQUENCY
58 – 64 1 2.32%
known as the percentage
65 – 71 6 13.95%
frequency. Divide the
72 – 78 10 23.26%
frequency of each class
79 – 85 14 32.56%
interval by the total number
86 – 92 12 27.91%
of observations N then
multiply by 100% to obtain Distribution of Blood Glucose
levels in milligrams per
the relative frequency. deciliter (mg/dL)
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Distribution of Blood Glucose levels in milligrams
per deciliter (mg/dL)
15

10

0
2.32% 13.95% 23.26% 32.56% 27.91%
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
 Thanks!
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