Boise State University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ECE 225 Circuit Analysis and Design
Spring 2010

Design Project

Design of a Low-Pass Filter for a Power Supply

Date Due: 05/07/10

Date Submitted: 05/07/10

Instructor: Dr. Said Ahmed-Zaid Student: Kasandra Wolf

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................3
2. FILTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN........................................................................................3
2.1 Filter Transfer Function.................................................................................................3
2.2 Filter DC Gain................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Transformer Turns Ratio................................................................................................3
2.4 Filter Design..................................................................................................................3
2.5 Minimum-Cost Filter......................................................................................................3
2.6 Filter Circuit Damping Factor.........................................................................................3
2.7 Filter Simulation and Design Validation.........................................................................3
3. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................... 3
4. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................... 3

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1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE
Design a second order low pass filter that is cost effective using Fourier series and
transfer functions.

2. FILTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2.1 Filter Transfer Function

R (1)
sc
1 R R 1
+R ∗(1+ sCR) 2
∗
V sc 1+sCR s LCR+ sL+ R LCR
H ( s )= o = = =
Vi R R 1
sc (
+ sL 1+ sCR
)
+ sL (1+ sCR)
LCR
1
+R
sc
1
LC ω2n
¿ ≡ 2
1 1 s +2 ζ ω n s+ ω2n
s 2+ s +
RC LC

2.2 Filter DC Gain

ω 2n (2)
H ( 0 )= 2
=1
0+2 ζ ω n 0+ ωn

2.3 Transformer Turns Ratio

Average voltage of the full-wave rectified sinusoid:
2 ( 120 √ 2 ) (3)
V s , avg= =12
nπ
2 ( 120 √ 2 )
n= ≅ 9.003 turns
12 π

2.4 Filter Design

240 √ 2 480 √ 2 240 √ 2 480 √ 2 (4)
vi ( t)≅ − cos 2 ωt= − cos 240 πt
πn 3 πn π 9.003 27.009 π
rad
ω=120 π
s
240 √ 2 480 √ 2 (5)
v o ( t )= H ( 0 )− H (240 π ) cos 240 πt
π 9.003 27.009 π
480 √ 2 (6)
V o , PP=2 (27.009 π )
H (240 π )
According to specifications
V o , PP ≤12∗2 %=0.24 V (7)
Combining equations (6) and (8)

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 ( 0.24 ) (27.009 π ) (8)
H ( 240 π ) =
960 √ 2
for high frequencies, ω ≫ ω n
ω2n (9)
H hf ( s) ≅ 2
s
And assuming 240 π ≫ ω n
ω2n (10)
H (240 π) ≅
(240 π )2
Combining equations (9) and (11)
( 0.24 ) (27.009 π ) ω 2n (11)
H ( 240 π ) = =
960 √ 2 (240 π )2
Solving for ωn2
2 ( 0.24 ) ( 27.009 π )( 240 π )2 (12)
ω=n ≅ 8527
960 √ 2
rad
ω❑n =92.34
s

2.5 Minimum-Cost Filter

The equation for calculating the cost of the filter
cost=5 L+20,000 C (13)
Where is in Henrys and C in Farads
Substituting
1 (14)
L=
ω 2n C
5 1 (15)
cost= 2
( )
ωn C
+20,000 C

Using Calculus to find which value of C will produce the minimal cost
d 5 1 (16)
dC ωn C ( )
( cost )=− 2 2 +20,000=0

Optimal Capacitor C=171.2 μF

This is between the standardized sizes 180μF and 220μF
If C=220 μF , L=533.0 mH , cost =$ 7.07
If C=180 μF , L=651.5 mH , cost =$ 6.86

Therefore, the design using the 180μF capacitor is the most cost effective.

2.6 Filter Circuit Damping Factor

The transfer function is
1
LC ω2n
H ( s )= = 2
1 1 s +2 ζ ωn s +ω 2n
s 2+ s +
RC LC
Therefore

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 1 (17)
2 ζ ωn ≡
RC
1 1 L (18)
ζ= =
2ω n RC 2 R C √=0.1203
Since the damping factor 0 ≤ ζ <1 the filter circuit is Underdamped
The poles of the transfer function are
−2 ζ ω n ± √ 4 ζ 2 ω 2n−4 ω2n (19)
s1,2= =−ζ ωn ± j ωn √ 1−ζ 2
2
s1,2=−11.11± j 91.67 (20)

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2.7 Filter Simulation and Design Validation
Simulink simulation

3. DISCUSSION
By first using the Fourier series approximation and the transfer function of the circuit, I was able
to approximate the natural frequency of the filter. Using this frequency, I optimized the size of
the capacitor and inductor in order to find the most cost effective design. There were many
assumptions in these calculations the major assumption being in the Fourier series.
These assumptions will all affect the accuracy of the output voltage.

4. CONCLUSION
A low pass filter was designed using an inductor, capacitor and resistor. The cost of producing
this filter is $6.86.