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Titik Referens :
Titik 1 : clarifier
Titik 2 : Evaporator
Tekanan Asal = 14,696 psia = 101325 N/m2
Tekanan Tujuan = 19,10 psia = 131722,5 N/m2
Rate massa fluida = 235725,00 kg/jam
= 519679,34 lb/jam
` 144,3554 lb/s
Viskositas = 0,499 cp = 0,00033544 lb/ft.s
3 3
Densitas = 1018,3 kg/m 63,572469 lb/ft
Rate volumetrik = rate massa fluida/densitas
3
= 2,271 ft /s = 8174,60 ft3/jam = 1019 gpm
Pemilihan schedule number pipe yang akan digunakan :
C-87
Tinggi titik 2 (z2) = 50,9 ft = 15,53 m
total panjang pipa = 120 ft = 36,58 m
Perhitungan :
Q 2,27 4,150 ft/s
v = = =
A 0,547222222
gc = 32,174 lbm. ft/lbf s2
Perhitungan Friksi :
hc = Kc x v2
2 x α x gc
dimana : ( Geankoplis, pers 2.10-16, hal 98 )
Kc = 0.55(1- A2/A1) A1 sangat bersar >>>, sehinga A2/A1=0
Kc = 0,55
α = 1
maka,
hc = 0,1472 ft lbf/ lbm
3. Friksi karena fitting dan valve (Geankoplis, tabel 2.10-1, hal 100)
Jenis fitting dan valve Kf jumlah
Elbow 900 standar 0,75 3
globe valve wide open 6 1
hf (elbow) = 3 x kf x v2 = 0,6021 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc
C-88
hf (valve) = kf x v2 = 1,6055 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc
hf total = 2,208 ft lbf/lbm
4. Friksi pada tank entrance
Kex x v2
h ex =
2 x α x gc
K ex = (1-A2/A1)2 = 1
h ex = 0,2676 ft lbf/lbm
1 2 2 g
2
gc
p p
v2 v1 z2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
Ws
1 2 2 g
2 gc
p p
v1 v2 z1 z2 1 2 F
dimana
(v12-v22) = 0
Pressure drop HE = 10 psi -
ΔP/ρ = 22,6513 ft.lbf/lbm
Pressure drop titik 2 dan 1 :
ΔP/ρ = 9,9865 ft.lbf/lbm
Total ΔP/ρ = 32,6378 ft.lbf/lbm
C-89
Motor Power = 26 hp
2. Menghitung Δt
∆t1 (oF) = 30,42
o
F t1 T 2 t1
∆t2 (oF) = 20
o
F t 2 T1 t 2
T1 T 2 t 2 t1
R S
R = 3E-15 t 2 t1 T 1 t1
S = 0,355
∆t LMTD = 24,63
o
F t1 t 2
tLMTD
t1
ln
t 2
karena proses berlangsung isothermal, R=0, maka FT = 1
o
∆t = 24,63 F
t Ft tLMTD
C-90
T1 T 2 t1 t 2
Tc tc
o
2 2
tc = ( 215,60 F
ΔP maksimal di aliran shell = 10 psi
ΔP maksimal di aliran tube = 2 psi
2 o
Rd min = 0,001 ft .jam F/Btu
type HE : 1-2
Bagian Shell (nira) Bagian Tube (Steam)
IDs = 39,00 in OD = 0,75 in 16 BWG
n' = 1 L = 20 ft
B = 1/2 x IDs ID = 0,62 in
= 19,5 in = 0,052 ft
de = 0,55 in a' = 0,302 in2
= 0,046 ft a" = 0,1963 ft2/ft
PT = 0,938 in Triangular
C' = PT - OD
C' = 0,19 in
Nt = 1330
n = 2
Evaluasi Perpindahan Panas
Bagian Shell (nira) Bagian Tube (Steam)
C-91
m Gs de M
Gs Nre Gt ID
µ Gt Nre
as at µ
lbm/ft2.jam 2
Gs = 492004,10 Gt = 3982,77 lbm/ft .jam
μ = 0,486 cp μ = 0,02 cp
= 1,176 lb/ft hr = 0,04 lb/ft hr
cp µ
1/ 3
7. k hio untuk steam =
ho JH øs
de k hio =
2o
1500 BTU/jam.ft . F
ho / ϴs = 5605
o
cp = 0,93 BTU/lb. F
2o
ho / ϴs = 5605 BTU/jam.ft . F
ϴs diasumsi 1
2o
ho = 5605 BTU/jam.ft . F
U C U D
9.Faktor Kekotoran (Rd)
R
Rd = 0,001001 D
U C U D
Rd hitung > dari Rd minimal sehingga desain Heat Exchanger memenuhi
C-92
f Gs2 IDs ( N 1) ΔPt < ΔP ketetapan
PS
5.22 1010 de s øs
o
specific gravity, s = 1,014 BTU/lbm F (memenuhi)
ΔPs = 7,18 psi
ΔPs < ΔP ketetapan
Karena nilai ∆P kurang dari ∆P maksimal, maka desain Heat Exchanger tersebut memenuhi
Evaporator
Fungsi : Mengurangi kandungan air pada fine liquor
Type : Vertical Short Tube Evaporator
Jumlah : 4 Unit
Bahan : SA-240, Grade M, Type 316
V2, V3,Y
V1, Y1 Y2 V4,
3
Y4
F,
xf
S,
Ts1 2
Ts2 Ts3 Ts4 Ts5
L4
L3, X4
L1, X1, L2, X2 X3
Estimasi nilai U : (Geankoplis table 8.3-1)
Vertical Short Tube Evaporator
U1 = 2800 W/m2.oK
U2 = 2800 W/m2.oK
U3 = 2800 W/m2.oK
U4 = 2800 W/m2.oK
∑∆T = Ts1 - T4 (saturation) - (BPR1 + BPR2) = 55,53 o
C
- (BPR3 + BPR4)
o
BPR1 = 0,35 C
o
BPR2 = 0,51 C
o
BPR3 = 0,89 C
o
BPR4 = 3,71 C
(∑∆T) * (1/U1)
∆T1 = = 13,88 o
C
(1/U1) + (1/U2)
∆T2 = 13,88 o
C
∆T3 = 13,88 o
C
∆T4 = 13,88 o
C
C-93
Dipakai ∆T1 15,9 oC ∆T3 12,88 o
C
∆T2 o
14,9 C ∆T4 11,88 o
C
Dari neraca energi, q pada masing - masing effect :
q1 = 29552212,56 W
q2 = 29463174,82 W
q3 = 31098724,38 W
q4 = 31632399,51 W
Menghitung luas permukaaan untuk evaporator tiap efek :
Q1
A1 =
U1 x ΔT1
29552212,56
=
2800,0 x 15,88
29552213
= = 760 m2 = 8182,94 ft2
44472,106
Q2
A2 =
U2 x ΔT2
29463174,82
=
2800 x 14,88
29463175
= = 707 m2 = 7610,12 ft2
41672,106
Q3
A3 =
U3 x ΔT3
31098724,38
=
2800 x 12,88
31098724,38
= = 862 m2 = 9279,59 ft2
36072,106
Q4
A4 =
U4 x ΔT4
31632399,51
=
2800 x 11,88
31632399,51
= = 951 m2 = 10233,15 ft2
33272,106
Dari perhitungan diatas, maka luas permukaan perpindahan panas rata-rata adalah :
A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
Am =
4
3280,111
= = 820 m2 = 8826,45 ft2
4
C-94
32. Evaporator Effect I (V - 310 A)
V1, Y1
F, xf
S, Ts1
Ts2
L1, X1
o
Suhu feed masuk (Tf) = 105 C
o
Vapor (T1) = 100,02 C
o
Saturated steam (Ts1) = 115,9 C
Rate steam (S) = 48057,28 kg/jam = 105947,077 lb/jam
Rate Feed (F) = 235725,00 kg/jam = 519679,34 lb/jam
Air diuapkan (V1) = 47000,93 kg/jam = 103618,26 lb/jam
Liquid Tersisa (L1) = 188724,07 kg/jam = 416061,08 lb/jam
Sehingga, didapatkan :
Flow area (a') = 1,54 in2 (Kern, Table 10, p.843)
= 1,54 x 0,007 = 0,0107 ft2
Surface (a") = 0,3925 ft2
ID = 1,4 in (Kern, Table 10, p.843)
= 1,4 x 0,083 = 0,12 ft
A = N x L x a" (Kern, Table 9, Hal 842)
A
N =
L x a"
8182,94
=
13,00 x 0,39
= 1604 buah
C-95
Material : High Alloy Steel
Bentuk : Tutup atas = Standart Dished Head
Tutup bawah = Standart Dished Head
Type bahan : SA-240, Grade M, Type 316
Maka, didapatkan :
f = 18750 psi (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 342)
E = 0,8 ASME (double welded butt join) (Brownell, Table 13.2,
c = 0,125 in Page 254)
C-96
Mencari Tinggi Silinder (Ls):
Volume tangki (Vt) = Volume shell + Volume standar dished head
π
Vt = x ID2 x Ls + 2x 0,08 ID3
4
10218,54 3,14 3 3
= x 1,5 ID + 2 0,08 ID
4
10218,54 4,71
= ID3 + 0,1694 ID3
4
10218,54 = 1,347 ID3
ID3 = 10218,54
1,347
1/3
ID = 7586,71
= 19,65 ft
= 235,79 in
C-97
fallowable pada suhu 91,4 F = 18750 psi
Faktor korosi c = 0,125
Sambungan untuk pengelasan dipilih tipe double welded butt joint
Efisiensi las. (E) = 0,80 (Tabel 13.2, B & Y)
ts = Pd x ID + C (Kusnarjo, p.15)
2 x (fE - 0.6Pi)
= 0,1298 in
Tebal shell standar = 3/16 in (Tabel 5.7, B & Y)
Tinggi silinder = 1,5 x ID
= 443 in = 36,95 ft = 11,3 m
OD = ID+2ts
= 236,17 in = 19,68 ft
standarisasi OD = 296 in = 24,67 ft = 7,52 m
ID = OD - 2ts
= 295,63 in = 24,64 ft = 7,51 m
b. Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah jenis standard dished head
asumsi r = ID
ID = 295,63 in
tha = 0.885 x Pd x rc +
c
2( f x E - 0.1 x Pd )
tha = 0,1885 in
AB = ID - icr OA b
icr
2 sf B
A
t
ID
= 133,38 in a
r
BC = r - icr
= 166 in
( BC - AB2 )0,5
2 C
b = r -
Gambar 2. Dimensi dari dished head
= 81,91 in
C-98
= 50,94 ft
= 15,53 m
L1, X1
T1, V1, Y1
Ts3
L2, X2
o
Suhu feed masuk (T1) = 100,02 C
o
Vapor (T2) = 84,78 C
o
Steam (T1) = 100,02 C
Rate Steam (V1) = 47000,93 kg/jam = 103618,259 lb/jam
Rate Liquor (L1) = 188724,1 kg/jam = 416061,076 lb/jam
Air diuapkan (V2) = 48738,6 kg/jam = 107449,067 lb/jam
Liquid Tersisa (L2) = 139985,5 kg/jam = 308612,009 lb/jam
C-99
Pitch = 1 7/8 in triangular
Sehingga, didapatkan : (Kern, Table 10, Hal 843)
Flow area (a') = 1,54 in2
= 1,54 x 0,007
2
= 0,0107 ft
Surface (a") = 0,3925 ft2
ID = 1,4 in
= 1,4 x 0,08
= 0,116 ft
A = N x L x a"
N = A
L x a"
= 7610,122
11 x 0,393
= 1763 buah
C-100
= 6412,00 ft3/jam = 1,78 ft3/s
Asumsi : Waktu tinggal = 1 jam
Volume larutan A = 80% dari volume tangki
Tangki ini termasuk bejana pendek.
Volume larutan A = Rate bahan masuk x Waktu tinggal
= 6412,00 x 1
3
= 6412,00 ft
Volume tangki (Vt) = Volume Larutan A
80%
= 6412,00 =
8015,00 ft3
0,80
Diambil : Ls = 1,5 x ID
C-101
sehingga :
Ls 427,5
= = 1,48
OD 288
OD 288
= = 192
ts 1,5
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8)
didapatkan harga B = 5000
OD
B = P allowable x
ts
5000 = P allowable x 192
P allowable = 26,04 psig
Pi = 0,64 atm = 9,408 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -5,292
= 5,292 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8 )
didapatkan harga B = 4500
rc
B = P allowable x
ts
4500 = P allowable x 177,23077
P allowable = 25,39 psig
Pi = 0,64 atm = 9,408 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -5,292
= 5,292 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka tha sudah memadai.
C-102
OD
OA b
icr A
sf B
t
ID
a
r
Stiffness Ring
Diameter Otside = 288 in
Tinggi silinder = 428 in
Tebal bejana = 1,50 in
C-103
Suhu operasi = 80 C
Jarak ring = 39 in
Tipe ring = Channel
Ukuran ring = 15 in
Berat ring = 42,9 lb/ft
Ls = 39 = 0,14
OD 288
OD = 288 = 192
ts 1,50
B = 13000
B = P allowable x OD
ts
13000 = P allowable x 192
P allowable = 67,71 psig
Pi = 0,64 atm = 9,408 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -5,292
= 5,292 psig
Untuk tipe channel ukuran 15 in dan berat 42,9 lb/ft (Brownell, Appx.G, p.354)
I = 441,8 in4
Ay = 12,49 in2
B = P allowable x OD
ts + Ay
y
= 67,71 x 288
1,50 + 12,5
39
= 10712,78
e = 0,00100
I = do2l x e x t+ Ay
14 l
= 231058,3 x 0,0010 x 1,82
= 420,59
Karena I kenyataan < I allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
C-104
Bahan konstruksi = SA-240, Garde M, Type 316
Jenis las = Double welded butt join
Kapasitas = 181,568 m3/jam
Luas perpindahan panas = 707,004 m2
Ukuran tube = 11 ft 1 1/2 in BWG 18
Ukuran pitch = 1 7/8 in triangular
Jumlah tube = 1763 buah
Bagian Drum :
Diameter (OD) = 288 in
Tebal silinder = 1,50 in
Tebal tutup atas = 1,625 in Standard Dished Head
Tebal tutup bawah = 1,625 in Standard Dished Head
Tinggi bagian liquida = 11,91 ft
Tinggi drum evaporator = 35,63 ft
Stiffness Ring
Jarak ring = 39 in
Jumlah ring = 11 buah
Tipe ring = Channel
Ukuran ring = 15 in
Berat ring = 42,9 lb/ft
L2, X2
V2, Y2
Ts4
L3
X3
o
Suhu feed masuk (T2) = 84,78 C
o
vapor (T3) = 71,39 C
o
Kondensat (Ts4) = 70,50 C
Rate Steam (V2) = 48738,58 kg/jam = 107449,07 lb/jam
Rate Liquor (L2) = 139985,49 kg/jam = 308612,01 lb/jam
Air diuapkan (V3) = 48797,76 kg/jam = 107579,55 lb/jam
Liquid Tersisa (L3) = 91188 kg/jam = 201032,46 lb/jam
C-105
Flow area (a') = 1,54 in2
= 1,54 x 0,007 = 0,0107 ft2
Surface (a") = 0,3925 ft2
ID = 1 2/5 in
= 1,4 x 0,083 = 0,12 ft
A = N x L x a"
N = A
L x a"
= 9279,587
10 x 0,393
= 2364 buah
Menghitung dimensi drum evaporator :
Akan direncanakan menggunakan meterial :
Material : High Alloy Steel
Bentuk : Tutup atas = Standart Dished Head
Tutup bawah = Standart Dished Head
Type bahan : SA-240, Grade M, Type 316
C-106
Volume tangki (Vt) = Volume Larutan A
80%
= 4504,29 = 5630,36 ft3
0,80
Diambil : Ls = 1,5 x ID
ID3 = 5630,36
1,347
1/3
ID = 4180,23
= 16,11 ft
= 193,31 in
C-107
OD 264
= = 192
ts 1,375
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8)
didapatkan harga B :
B = 5500
OD
B = P allowable x
ts
5500 = P allowable x 192
P allowable = 28,65 psig
P kenyataan = 0,42 atm = 6,174 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -8,526
= 8,526 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8)
didapatkan harga B = 4000
B = P allowable x rc
ts
4000 = P allowable x 176
P allowable = 22,73 psig
P kenyataan = 0,42 atm = 6,174 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -8,5
= 8,526 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka tha sudah memadai.
C-108
OD
OA b
icr A
sf B
t
ID
a
r
Rumus :
BC2 AB2 0,5
b = r - -
0,5
Maka : b = 180 - 28014,4 - 13924,0
= 180 - 118,703
= 61,30 in = 5,108 ft
Tinggi tutup (OA) = tha + b + sf
= 1,500 + 61,3 + 2,5 = 65,3 in
= 5,44 ft
Menghitung Tinggi Campuran Larutan dalam Silinder dan Dished Head Bawah (LLs):
Vo larutan = Volume larutan dalam silinder + Volume larutan di dished bawah
Stiffness Ring
Diameter Outside = 264 in
C-109
Tinggi silinder = 392 in
Tebal bejana = 1,38 in
Suhu operasi = 85 oC
Jarak ring = 39 in
Tipe ring = Channel
Ukuran ring = 15 in
Berat ring = 42,9 lb/ft
Ls = 39 = 0,15
OD 264
OD = 264 = 192
ts 1,38
B = 11000
B = P allowable x OD
ts
11000 = P allowable x 192
P allowable = 57,29 psig
Pi = 0,42 atm = 6,174
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -8,526
= 8,526 psig
Untuk tipe channel ukuran 15 in dan berat 42,9 lb/ft (Brownell, Appx.G, p.354)
I = 441,8 in4
Ay = 12,49 in2
B = P allowable x OD
ts + Ay
y
= 57,29 x 264
1,38 + 12,5
39
= 8921,95
e = 0,00100
I = do2l x e x t+ Ay
14 l
= 194153,1 x 0,0010 x 1,70
= 329,14
Karena I kenyataan < I allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
C-110
Spesifikasi Evaporator Efek III :
Type = Vertical Short Tube Evaporator
Bahan konstruksi = SA-240, Grade M type 316
Jenis las = Double welded butt join
Kapasitas = 127,55 m3/jam
Luas perpindahan panas = 862,102 ft2
Ukuran tube = 10 ft 1 1/2 in BWG 18
Ukuran pitch = 1 7/8 (Brownell & Young, Table 5.7, Hal. 91)
Jumlah tube = 2364 buah
Bagian Drum :
Diameter (OD) = 264 in
Tebal silinder = 1 3/8 in
Tebal tutup atas = 1 1/2 in Standard Dished Head
Tebal tutup bawah = 1 1/2 in Standard Dished Head
Tinggi bagian liquida = 9,75 ft
Tinggi drum evaporator = 32,66 ft
Stiffness Ring
Jarak ring = 39 in
Jumlah ring = 7 buah
Tipe ring = Channel
Ukuran ring = 15 in
Berat ring = 42,9 lb/ft
V3, Y3
L3, X3
Ts4
L4 X4
o
Suhu feed masuk (T3) = 71,39 C
o
Titik didih larutan (T4) = 58,61 C
o
Kondensat (Ts4) = 54,90 C
Rate Vapor (V3) = 71,390 kg/jam = 157,386 lb/jam
Rate Liquor (L3) = 91187,725 kg/jam = 201032,459 lb/jam
C-111
Air diuapkan (V4) = 47741,794 kg/jam = 105251,560 lb/jam
Liquid Tersisa (L4) = 43445,931 kg/jam = 95780,899 lb/jam
Ukuran tube ditetapkan sebagai berikut : (Hugot, Table 32.6, Hal 511)
Panjang tube = 15 ft = 180 in = 4,572 m
Diameter = 1 1/2 in BWG = 18
Pitch = 1 7/8 in triangular
Sehingga, didapatkan : (Kern, Table 10, Hal 843)
Flow area (a') = 1,54 in2
= 1,54 x 0,0069 = 0,0107 ft2
Surface (a") = 0,3925 ft2
ID = 1,40 in
= 1,4 x 0,083 = 0,116 ft
A = N x L x a"
A
N =
L x a"
10233,151
=
15 x 0,3925
= 1738,11 buah
Menghitung dimensi drum evaporator :
Akan direncanakan menggunakan meterial :
Material : High Alloy Steel
Bentuk : Tutup atas = Standart Dished Head
Tutup bawah = Standart Dished Head
Type bahan : SA-240, Grade M, Type 316
C-112
ρlarutan
= 201032,46
70,38
= 2856,58 ft3/jam = 0,79 ft3/s
Asumsi : Waktu tinggal = 1 jam
Volume larutan A = 80% dari volume tangki
Tangki ini termasuk bejana pendek.
Volume larutan A = Rate bahan masuk x Waktu tinggal
= 2856,58 x 1
3
= 2856,58 ft
Volume tangki (Vt) = Volume Larutan A
80%
= 2856,58 = 3570,72 ft3
0,80
Diambil : Ls = 1,5 x ID
Check harga OD = ID + 2 x ts
= 166,08 + 2 x 1,000
= 166,08 + 2,0
= 168,08 in = 14,01 ft » 18,0
Check ID koreksi = OD - 2 x ts
= 216 - 2 x 1
C-113
= 216 - 2
= 214 in = 17,83 ft
Karena Ls = 1,5 x ID
maka Ls = 1,5 x 17,83
= 26,75 ft = 321 in
sehingga : Ls 321 = 1,49
=
OD 216
OD 216 = 216
=
ts 1
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8 )
didapatkan harga B = 3700
OD
B = P allowable x
ts
3700 = P allowable x 216
P allowable = 17,13 psig
P kenyataan = 0,13 atm = 1,911 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -12,789
= 12,789 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
Menghitung Tebal Tutup Atas dan Bawah:
Tutup Atas : Standard dished head
Trial tha = 11/8 in = 1,375 in
Check harga OD = ID + 2 x ts
= 214 + 2 x 1,38
= 214 + 2,750
= 216,75 in = 18,06 ft » 18
Jika rc = OD
sehingga : rc = 216 = 1,57
100 ts 138
Dari (Brownell & Young, 1979, Page 147, Grafik fig. 8.8)
didapatkan harga B = 4000
rc
B = P allowable x
ts
4000 = P allowable x 157,09091
P allowable = 25,46 psig
P kenyataan = 0,13 atm = 1,911 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -12,789
= 12,789 psig
Karena P kenyataan < P allowable maka tha sudah memadai.
C-114
OD
OA b
icr A
sf B
t
ID
a
r
Menghitung Tinggi Campuran Larutan dalam Silinder dan Dished Head Bawah (LLs):
Vol larutan = Volume larutan dalam silinder + Volume larutan didished bawah
V = π x ID2 x LLs 1 x 0,08 ID3
+
4
2856,58 = 3,14 x 318 x LLs 0,08 5671
+
4
2856,58 = 999,52 LLs + 480,38
4
2376,20 = 249,88 LLs
LLs = 2376,20 = 9,51 ft
249,88
C-115
Stiffness Ring
Diameter Otside = 216 in
Tinggi silinder = 321 in
Tebal bejana = 1,00 in
Suhu operasi = 80 C
Jarak ring = 39 in
Tipe ring = Channel
Ukuran ring = 12 in
Berat ring = 31,8 lb/ft
Ls = 39 = 0,18
OD 216
OD = 216 = 216
ts 1,00
B = 13800
B = P allowable x OD
ts
13800 = P allowable x 216
P allowable = 63,89 psig
Pi = 0,13 atm = 1,911 psia
P kenyataan = Po - Pi
= 0 - -12,79
= 12,79 psig
Untuk tipe channel ukuran 12 in dan berat 31,8 lb/ft (Brownell, Appx.G, p.354)
I = 215,8 in4
Ay = 9,26 in2
B = P allowable x OD
ts + Ay
y
= 63,89 x 216
1,00 + 9,26
39
= 11152,09
e = 0,00100
I = do2l x e x t+ Ay
14 l
= 129970,3 x 0,0010 x 1,24
C-116
= 160,83
Karena I kenyataan < I allowable maka ts sudah memadai.
C-117
81,16105056 = 0,785 x ID2
2
ID = 103,3898733
ID = 10,1680811 ft = 122,016973 in
OD = 180 in
Diameter pipa vapor, D = 180 in = 4,5720 m
Bagian dasar berbentuk kerucut dengan sudut 60 ° terhadap garis horisontal.
C-118
Air pendingin yang dibutuhkan = Uap terkondensasi x W
= 33419,26 x 24,19
= 808324,36 kg = 1782031,88 lb
C-119
h = 1 + 0,8 x 64
64,32
= 1,74 ft
Batas keamanan, s :
S = faktor keamanan = 1,5 ft (Hugot, eq.40.21, p.881)
Jadi : Hb = Ho + h + S
= 33,25 + 1,74 + 1,5
= 36,49 ft = 11,12 m
C-120
Kebutuhan steam Ws = Ws' Wm K F
nilai K = 0,76 (Ludwig, Fig.6-28 C, p.376)
nilai F = 0,88 (Ludwig, Fig.6-28 D,p.376)
Kebutuhan steam Ws = 31735,47 x 2,0 x 0,76 x 0,88
= 42449,36 lb/jam
Titik Referens :
Titik 1 : Evaporator
Titik 2 : Tangki Masakan A
C-121
Tekanan Asal = 1,91048 psia = 20265 N/m2
Tekanan Tujuan = 16,17 psia = 22291,5 N/m2
Rate massa fluida = 43445,93 kg/jam
= 95780,90 lb/jam
= 26,6058 lb/s
Viskositas = 18,70 cp = 0,01257 lb/ft.s
3 3
Densitas = 1127 kg/m 70,3773 lb/ft
Rate volumetrik = rate massa fluida/densitas
3
= 0,378 ft /s = 1361 ft3/jam = 170 gpm
Pemilihan schedule number pipe yang akan digunakan :
Perhitungan :
Q 0,38 1,089 ft/s
v = = =
A 0,347222222
gc = 32,174 lbm. ft/lbf s2
Perhitungan Friksi :
hc = Kc x v2
2 x α x gc
dimana : ( Geankoplis, pers 2.10-16, hal 98 )
Kc = 0.55(1- A2/A1) A1 sangat bersar >>>, sehinga A2/A1=0
Kc = 0,55
α = 1
maka,
hc = 0,0101 ft lbf/ lbm
C-122
NRe = ρDv = 70,38 x 0,505 x 1,089
µ 0,0126
= 3081,627353 Turbulen
e (roughness for commersial pipe) = 0,000046 m
= 0,0001509 ft
e/ D = 0,00030
3. Friksi karena fitting dan valve (Geankoplis, tabel 2.10-1, hal 100)
Jenis fitting dan valve Kf jumlah
Elbow 900 standar 0,75 3
globe valve wide open 6 1
hf (elbow) = 3 x kf x v2 = 0,0414 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc
1 2 2 g
2
gc
p p
v2 v1 z2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
dimana
Ws
2
gc
p p
v1 v2 z1 z2 1 2 F
1 2 2 g
(v12-v22) = 0
(p1 - p2) = -2026,5 N/m2
(z1 - z2) = -20,30 ft lbf/lbm
C-123
Ws = -21,1938 ft.lbf/lbm
Spesifikasi :
Nama Alat = Pompa Nira Kental
Tipe = Positive Displacement Pump
Fungsi = Untuk memompa nira kental menuju vacuum pan A.
Kapasitas = 1360,96 ft3/jam
Bahan Konstruksi = Comercial steel
Casing dan wear ring = cast iron
Impeller dan wear ring = cast iron
Shaft = carbon steel
% brix = 71%
ρ campuran = 1320 kg/m3 (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 82,41 lbm/ft3
μ camp = 19,00 cp (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 0,019 kg/m.s
= 0,011 lb/ft.s
C-124
Dengan waktu pengisian 60 menit hingga volume tagki terisi penuh
t= 1 jam
Volume nira mentah = 80% dari volume tangki
Volume nira mentah = Laju alir volumetrik x waktu tinggal
3
= 1794,34 ft (Kusnarjo, p.6)
Volume bahan dalam tangki mencapai 80% volume total (Vt), maka :
Volume tangki (Vt) = 100 x 1794,34
80
= 2242,92 ft3
+
2. Perhitungan dimensi tangki
Asumsi : Ls/D tangki = 1,5
Volume tangki = volume silinder + Volume tutup
3
Vt = π/4 ID2 Ls + 0,0847 D
3
2243 = 1,26 ID
3
ID = 1776,99
ID = 12,11 ft
= 145,35 in
C-125
Diameter tangki (ID) = 145 in
ts = Pi x ID + C (Kusnarjo,
2 x (fE - 0.6Pi) p.15)
= 1426,20 + 0,125
29988,23
= 0,17 in
Tebal shell standar = 3/16 in (Brownell & Young, Table. 5.6)
C-126
= 2,87 ft
= 0,87 m
Spesifikasi Alat :
Kapasitas = 63,51 m3
Bahan = Plate steel SA 240 grade M type 316
Bentuk = Silinder
Jenis tutup bawah = Flat
Jenis tutup atas = Standar Dish Head
Jumlah = 1 tangki
Silinder:
Outside diamter(OD) = 180 in = 4,57 m
Inside diameter (ID) = 179,63 in = 4,56 m
Tinggi (Ls) = 269,44 in = 6,84 m
Tebal (ts) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tutup atas
Tebal (th) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tinggi(Ha) = 34,41 in = 0,874 m
Tutup bawah:
Tebal (thb) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
% brix = 68%
ρ campuran = 1353 kg/m3 (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 84,45 lbm/ft3
μ camp = 44,18 cp (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 0,044 kg/m.s
= 0,025 lb/ft.s
C-127
3
= 0,23 ft /s
Asumsi :
Dengan waktu pengisian 60 menit hingga volume tagki terisi penuh
t= 1 jam
Volume nira mentah = 80% dari volume tangki
Volume nira mentah = Laju alir volumetrik x waktu tinggal
3
= 815,40 ft (Kusnarjo, p.6)
Volume bahan dalam tangki mencapai 80% volume total (Vt), maka :
Volume tangki (Vt) = 100 x 815,40
80
= 1019,25 ft3
C-128
Faktor korosi (C) = 1/8 in
Tekanan desain (P desain) = 7,73 psi
Diameter tangki (ID) = 112 in
ts = Pi x ID + C (Kusnarjo,
2 x (fE - 0.6Pi) p.15)
= 863,98 + 0,125
29990,72
= 0,154 in
Tebal shell standar = 3/16 in (Brownell & Young, Table. 5.6)
C-129
Tinggi tutup atas = t + b + sf
= 28,11 in
= 2,34 ft
= 0,71 m
Spesifikasi Alat :
Kapasitas = 28,86 m3
Bahan = Plate steel SA 240 grade M type 316
Bentuk = Silinder
Jenis tutup bawah = Flat
Jenis tutup atas = Standar Dish Head
Jumlah = 1 tangki
Silinder:
Outside diamter(OD) = 144 in = 3,66 m
Inside diameter (ID) = 143,63 in = 3,65 m
Tinggi (Ls) = 215,44 in = 5,47 m
Tebal (ts) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tutup atas
Tebal (th) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tinggi(Ha) = 28,11 in = 0,714 m
Tutup bawah:
Tebal (thb) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
% brix = 74%
ρ campuran = 1295 kg/m3 (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 80,87 lbm/ft3
μ camp = 11,10 cp (www.sugartech.co.za)
= 0,011 kg/m.s
= 0,006 lb/ft.s
C-130
= 22147,41 lb/jam
80,87 lb/ft3
= 273,9 ft3/jam
3
= 0,08 ft /s
Asumsi :
Dengan waktu pengisian 60 menit hingga volume tagki terisi penuh
t= 1 jam
Volume nira mentah = 80% dari volume tangki
Volume nira mentah = Laju alir volumetrik x waktu tinggal
= 273,88 ft3 (Kusnarjo, p.6)
Volume bahan dalam tangki mencapai 80% volume total (Vt), maka :
Volume tangki (Vt) = 100 x 273,88
80
= 342,35 ft3
C-131
Material yang digunakan = Plate steel SA 240 grade M type 316
Tegangan maksimum yang diijinkan (f) = 18750 psi
Fak. pengelasan double welded butt joint (E) = 0,80
Faktor korosi (C) = 1/8 in
Tekanan desain (P desain) = 5,15 psi
Diameter tangki (ID) = 78 in
ts = Pi x ID + C (Kusnarjo,
2 x (fE - 0.6Pi) p.15)
= 399,87 + 0,125
29993,82
= 0,138 in
Tebal shell standar = 3/16 in (Brownell & Young, Table. 5.6)
C-132
b = r - ( BC2 - AB2 )0,5
= 19,04 in
Spesifikasi Alat :
Kapasitas = 9,69 m3
Bahan = Plate steel SA 240 grade M type 316
Bentuk = Silinder
Jenis tutup bawah = Flat
Jenis tutup atas = Standar Dish Head
Jumlah = 1 tangki
Silinder:
Outside diamter(OD) = 108 in = 2,74 m
Inside diameter (ID) = 107,63 in = 2,73 m
Tinggi (Ls) = 161,44 in = 4,10 m
Tebal (ts) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tutup atas
Tebal (th) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
Tinggi(Ha) = 21,04 in = 0,535 m
Tutup bawah:
Tebal (thb) = 3/16 in = 0,005 m
C-133
» Tangki pendek berbentuk silinder
» Pada bagian silinder terdapat tube vertikal yang disebut bagian downtake.
Panjang tiap tube, l = 1,2 m (Hugot, ed.3, hal.644)
Tube - tube yang terpasang tidak memenuhi diameter tangki,
sehingga diameter massecuite dibagian dimensi tube = 33% Di
Diameter tube yang memenuhi tangki = 67% Di
» Tutup atas bejana berbentuk standard dished head
» Tutup bawah bejana berbentuk conical
Sudut bawah pan, α = 120 o (Hugot, ed.3, hal.646)
» Volume ruang kosong = 85% Volume massecuite di silinder (Vls)
n = Qxqxt
v x δ x 22 x 100
7000,00 x 20 x 3,3
20 x 1,389 x 22 x 100
= 7,737 ; dibulatkan = 8 unit
» Jumlah vacuum pan A = 8 unit
» Trial Di = 4,28 m
Vls = 17,7 - π 0,33 18,3 1,2 246,74 L
C-134
4 41,57
3
= 6,09 m
Volume vacum pan = Vol. Liquid + Vol. ruang kosong + Vol. tube
= 17,73 + 85% x Vls + 67% π Di2
4
= 17,73 + 0,85 x 6,1 + 0,67 71,33
4
= 34,9 m3
Ratio = Volume pan = V = 1,9 (Hugot, 3rd
2 ed, p.651)
Inside diameter Di
0,5
Di koreksi = V
1,9
0,5
= 34,86
1,9
= 4,28 m
» Dengan "Goal seek" : Di trial - Di koreksi harus = 0,000002
Do = Di + 2 ts
= 168,6 + 2 0,5
= 169,6 inch = 4,3 m
Maka, Do distandarisasi = 180 inch (Brownell P.91)
Di = Do - 2 ts
= 180 - 2 0,5
= 179 inch
= 4,55 m
C-135
V = π Di2 Ls + π x Di3 + 0,08 Di3
4 24 tg 1/2 α
34,9 = π 20,67 Ls + π 94,0 + 0,08 94
4 24 41,6
34,9 = 16,23 Ls + 0,30 + 7,96
Ls = 1,64 m
o
T (Suhu vacuum pan) = 65,0 C
o
= 149 F
Bahan tangki = Steel SA 240 Grade M Type 316
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 8000
P allowable = B factor
Do/ts
= 8000 = 22,222 psig
360,00
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 4000
P allowable = B factor = 4000 = 22,22 psig
C-136
rc/tha 180
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual ) : Desain tebal memenuhi
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 8000
P allowable = B factor
Do/thb
= 8000 = 22,222 psig
360
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual) : Desain tebal memenuhi
Menghitung Banyak Tube :
» Data - data dari Hugot, edisi 3, halaman 643-664
Panjang tube = 120 cm = 0,37 ft 47,24 in
Bahan tube = SA 240 Grade M type 316
Tebal tube = 2 mm
external diameter tube = 101,6 mm
pitch = 127 mm
C-137
Banyak tube, Nt = Λ2 - D2
k
d2
= 32041,0 - 3133,52
0,4
16,208676
= 713,38 buah (Hugot. P-650)
C-138
1300,02
n = Qxqxt
v x δ x 22 x 100
= 7000 x 10,71 x 3,0
18 x 1,3437 x 22 x 100
= 4,226 ; dibulatkan = 5 unit
» Jumlah vacuum pan C = 5 Unit
Menghitung Dimensi Tiap Vacuum Pan :
Volume rate massecuite = Volumetric rate massecuite
Jumlah vacuum pan
= 24,0
5
= 4,81 m3/jam
Volume massecuite, Vl = Volumetri rate massecuite x θ
= 4,81 x 4,5
= 21,6 m3
Vls = Volume liquid - Volume liquid di downtake - Volume liquid di conical
= 21,6 - π 33% Di2 L - π Di3
C-139
4 24 tg 1/2 α
» Trial Di = 4,09 m
Vls = 21,6 - π 0,33 16,7 1,2 - 214,35
4 41,57
= 11,27 m3
Volume vacuum pan = Vol. liquid + Vol. ruang kosong + Vol. tube
= 11,27 + 85% Vls + 67% π Di2 L
T1 T 2 t1 t 2 4
Tc tc
= 11,27 + 85% 11,272 + 67% 2 64,94
4
= 31,74 m3
Ratio = Volume pan = V = 1,9
2 (Hugot, 3rd
Inside diameter Di ed, p.651)
0,5
Di koreksi = V
1,9
0,5
= 31,74
1,9
= 4,09 m
C-140
Mencari Tinggi Bagian Silinder
V = Vol. silinder +Vol. tutup bawah + Vol. tutup atas
3
V = π Di2 Ls + π x Di + 0,08 Di3
4 24 tg 1/2 α
31,7 = π 15,50 Ls + π 61,0 + 0,08 61,0
4 24 x 41,6
31,7 = 12,17 Ls + 0,19 + 5,17
Ls = 2,17 m
Mencari Tebal Silinder :
Tekanan vacuum pan = 0,4 atm = 5,878 psia = -8,8 psig
Trial tebal tangki = 0,50 inch = 1/2 in = 0,01 m
Ls = 2,17 m = 85,34 inch
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 5500
P allowable = B factor
Do/ts
= 5500 = 17,628 psig
312
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual) : Desain tebal memenuhi
rc = 156 = 1,56
100 tha 100
Do/tha = 156 = 156
1
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
C-141
B factor = 8000
P allowable = B factor = 8000 = 51,28 psig
rc/tha 156
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual ) : Desain tebal memenuhi
= 155,00
2 1,73
= 44,7 inch = 1,14 m
Trial tebal bagian bawah pan = 0,5 inch = 0,5 inch = 0,01 m
C-142
Surface per lin ft, a" = 1,178 ft2/ft
D = 33% x Pan ID = 51,15 inch (Hugot. P-644)
k = 0,4-0,45 (Hugot. P-645)
Banyak tube, Nt = Λ2 - D2
k
d2
= 24025,0 - 2616,32
0,4
16,208676
= 528,33 buah
C-143
massa massecuite = 10480,30515 kg/jam (www.sugartech.
ρ massecuite panas = 82,67 lb/ft 3
= 1324,8 kg/m 3
co.za)
Volume massecuite masuk = m
ρ
= 10480 = 7,911 m3/jam
1325
Waktu tinggal pan D, θ = 8,0 jam (Hugot, edisi 3, hal.676)
Volume massecuite di pan = Volume massecuite masuk x θ
(Volume liquid) = 7,911 x 8,0
3
= 63,3 m
n = Qxqxt
v x δ x 22 x 100
= 7000 x 3,5932 x 8
16 x 1,325 x 22 x 100
= 4,315 ; dibulatkan = 5 unit
» Jumlah vacuum pan D = 5 Unit
C-144
= 1,58 m3/jam
C-145
6,96 = π x 11,07 x Lls
4
Lls = 0,80 m (memenuhi)
Tinggi maksimal massecuite bagian silinder = 1,5 m (Hugot, ed.3, hal.708)
Mencari Tinggi Bagian Silinder
V = Vol. silinder + Vol.tutup bawah + Vol. tutup atas
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 8000
P allowable = B factor
Do/ts
= 8000 = 30,3 psig
264
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual ) : Desain tebal memenuhi
Trial tebal bagian atas, tha = 0,75 inch = 0,75 inch = 0,01905
rc = Do = 132 inch
rc = 132 = 1,76
100 tha 75
C-146
Do/tha = 132 = 176
0,75
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.379
B factor = 5500
P allowable = B factor = 5500 = 31,25 psig
rc/tha 176
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual) : Desain tebal memenuhi
Mencari nilai B factor dari Appendix I, item 14, Bronel and Young, 1959, hal.378
B factor = 8000
P allowable = B factor
Do/thb
= 8000 = 22,73 psig
352
P allowable > P vacuum pan (actual) : Desain tebal memenuhi
C-147
ID tube = 4,5 inch
Flow area per pipe, a' = 4,026 inch = 0,335 ft
Surface per lin ft, a" = 12,7 inch
= 1,178 ft2/ft
Diambil : S rata - rata = 4,9 + 6,6 = 5,75 m2/m3
V 2
Heating surface, S = S x V massecuite
V
= 5,75 x 12,66
2
= 72,78 m = 783,4 ft2
C-148
C-149
C-150
C-151
C-152
C-153
C-154
+
C-155
C-156
C-157
C-158
C-159
+
C-160
C-161
C-162
C-163
C-164
C-165
C-166
C-167
30105053,42
29474975,59
30829382,52
31520833,73
C-168
235725
47129,93
188595,07
48956,30
1,181102362
C-169
235725
0,1198
0,996661102
0,499
1018,3
C-170
C-171
C-172
C-173
C-174
C-175
C-176
C-177
C-178
C-179
C-180
C-181
C-182
C-183
C-184
C-185
C-186
C-187
C-188
C-189
11,76
C-190
interpolasi
capacity 44000 10 ft tinggi
rate uap 105251,6 x
capacity 220000 20 ft tinggi
61251,6 x- 10
176000 10
13,48020228
C-191
C-192
200 1,2
349,439
400 0,6
149,439 x-1,2
200 -0,6
0,751681742
C-193
Hugot, eq.40.21, p.881)
0,5
C-194
Fig.6-28 C, p.376)
Fig.6-28 D,p.376)
T 115
P 169 KpA
1,69 BAR
#### PSIA
C-195
C-196
C-197
ke pan masakan A
flat dan tutup atas
C-198
(Kusnarjo, p.6)
C-199
C-200
C-201
C-202
C-203
C-204
C-205
C-206
C-207
uite di silinder (Vls)
» Trial Di = 10,89 m
Vls = 0,0 - π 0,33 118,6 0
= #REF! m3
Ratio = Volume pan = V =
2
Inside diameter Di
0,5
Di koreksi = V
1,9
0,5
= #REF!
1,9
= #REF! m
» Dengan "Goal seek" : Di trial - Di koreksi harus
C-208
C-209
C-210
632,7664793
C-211
www.sugartech.co.za)
C-212
Hugot, ed.3, p.646)
C-213
C-214
C-215
C-216
C-217
C-218
C-219
C-220
Menghitung Banyak Tube :
» Data - data dari Hugot, edisi 3, halaman 643-664
Panjang tube = 120 cm = 0,37
Bahan tube = Stainlessteel SA 240 Grade M type 316
Tebal tube = 2 mm
Inside diameter tube = 101,6 mm
pitch = 127 mm
Ratio = Heating surface = S = 4,9
Volume massecuite V
» Inside diameter tube = 101,6 mm =
C-221
OD tube = 4,5 inch
ID tube = 4,026 inch = 0,34 ft
Flow area per pipe = 12,7 inch
Surface per lin ft, a" = 1,178 ft2/ft
D = 33% x Pan ID = 0 inch (Hugot. P-644)
k = 0,4-0,45 (Hugot. P-645)
Banyak tube, Nt = Λ2 - D2
k
d2
= 0,0 - 0,00
0,4
16,208676
C-222
C-223
C-224
C-225
C-226
C-227
C-228
C-229
C-230
C-231
C-232
C-233
C-234
C-235
C-236
C-237
C-238
C-239
C-240
C-241
C-242
C-243
C-244
C-245
C-246
f Gt 2 l n
PL
5.22 1010 ID s øt
C-247
C-248
C-249
C-250
C-251
C-252
C-253
C-254
C-255
C-256
C-257
C-258
C-259
C-260
C-261
C-262
C-263
C-264
C-265
C-266
C-267
C-268
C-269
0 gpm
ft/s
ft
C-270
m
ft
x 0
ft lbf/lbm
ft lbf/lbm
C-271
hp
C-272
C-273
C-274
C-275
C-276
C-277
C-278
C-279
C-280
C-281
- π Di3
24 tg 1/2 α
4056,49 L
+ Vol. tube
0% π Di2
4
0,00 0,00
4
= #REF!
C-282
C-283
C-284
C-285
C-286
C-287
C-288
C-289
0,00 in
C-290
C-291
C-292
C-293
C-294
ft
- 6,6 m2/m3
4,0 inch
C-295