Pipes

Pipe Head Loss

The pressure head lost due to flow through pipes and other losses.

Overview
In general the flow of liquid along a pipe can be determined by the use
of The Bernoulli Equation and the Continuity Equation. The Bernoulli
Equation represents the conservation of energy, which in Newtonian
fluids is either potential or kinetic energy, and the Continuity Equation
ensures that what goes into one end of a pipe must come out at the other
end. However as the flow moves down the pipe, losses due to friction
between the moving liquid and the walls of pipe cause the pressure within
the pipe to reduce with distance - this is known as head loss.
Computation of Pipe Head Loss
3 common methods:

1. Darcy Weishback Equation : hf = fLv2

2Dg

2. Mannings' Equation : hf = 6.35L n2 v2

D4/3

3.Hazen William’s Equation : hf = 10.64 L Q1.85

C1.85 D4.87
Head Lost Due To Friction In The Pipe
Darcy Weishback Equation :

hf = fLv2
2Dg

Where
hf is the head loss due to friction [m]
L is the length of the pipe [m],
D is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe. [m].
v is the velocity within the pipe [m/s]
g is the acceleration due to gravity [m/s2]
f is the coefficient of friction.
Head Lost Due To Friction In The Pipe
Mannings' Equation :

hf = 6.35L n2 v2
D4/3

Where
hf is the head loss due to friction [m]
L is the length of the pipe [m],
D is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe. [m].
v is the velocity within the pipe [m/s]
n is the coefficient of roughness
Head Lost Due To Friction In The Pipe
Hazen William’s Equation :

hf = 10.64 L Q1.85
C1.85 D4.87

Where
hf is the head loss due to friction [m]
L is the length of the pipe [m],
D is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe.
Q discharge [m3/s]
C Hazen’s Coefficient
 Head Lost Due To Friction In The Pipe
Example: A 0.60 m. dia. Pipe 600 m. long has a head loss of 1.2m.

1. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using f = 0.012.

2. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using n = 0.014
3. Find the discharge flowing in the pipe using C = 120.

Solution:
4. hf = flv2 ; 1.2 = 0.012 (600)v2 ; v = 1.4 m/s :Q=Av : Q = 0.4 m 3/s
2Dg 2 (.6)(9.81)

2. hf = 6.35L n2 v2 ; 1.2 = 6.35(600) (0.014)2 v2 ; v = 0.90 m/s :Q=Av ; Q = 0.26 m 3/s

D4/3 (.6)4/3

3. hf = 10.64 L Q1.85 ; 1.2 = 10.64 (600) Q1.85 : Q =0.305 m3/s

C1.85 D4.87 120)1.85 (.6)4.87
 Pipes in Series and Parallel
Piping systems that are in parallel will have a different effect on flow rate
and pressure than piping systems that are in series. In either case, the
continuity equation and Bernoulli's equation can be used to describe the
change in pressure or flow rate.

Pipes in Series Pipes in Parallel

 Pipes in Series
Pipes in Series
Piping that is in series will experience pressure losses while the fluids flow
rate should theoretically be the same throughout the piping system.
Pressure change will occur when a fluid goes through a pipe that has a
change in cross-sectional area. Elbows and turns in a pipe can also cause
a pressure loss. All of these losses will sum up to a total loss for a pipe that
is in series.

H.L. = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q3

 Pipes in Parallel

Pipes that are in parallel will experience the same pressure loss across
each pipe. In addition, each pipe will experience a different flow rate of
fluid going through it.

H.L. = hf1 = hf2 = hf3 Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q3

*additional useful formula:
hf = 0.0826flQ2 from hf = flv2
D5 2Dg

Example:

Pipes 1, 2,and 3 are 300 m, 150 m, and 250 m long and 25 cm, 12 cm,
and 20 cm diam. with f1, f2, and f3 equal to 0.019, 0.021, and 0.02
respectively and are connected in series. If the difference in elevation
of the ends of pipe is 10 m, what is the rate of flow in m3/sec?
Solution:

HL= hf1 + hf2 + hf3

HL = 0.0826 f1L1Q12 + 0.0826 f2L2Q22 + 0.0826 f3L3Q32
D15 D25 D35

For series pipes Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q

10 = 0.0826 (0.019)(300)Q2 + 0.0826 (0.021)(150)Q2 + 0.0826(0.02)(250)Q2

(0.25)5 (0.12)5 (0.2)5

Q = 0.029 m3/s
 Example:

Two pipes with the same friction factor are in parallel, if the length of
the first pipe whose diameter is twice the second is 640 m, what must
be the length of the second to assure equal flow?

Solution:

L1 = 640 m ; D1 = 2D2 ; Q1 = Q 2 ;
hf1 = hf2 (for parallel pipes)

0.0826 f1L1Q12 = 0.0826 f2L2Q22

D15 D25

640 = L2
(2D2)5 (D2)5

L2 = 20 m
Reynolds Number
Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that is a ratio of a fluid's inertia
and the viscous effects on the fluid.

Laminar, Translation, & Turbulent Flow

One of the main uses of Reynolds number is to describe the flow of a fluid
going through a pipe. Reynolds number can be used to determine whether
the fluid's flow is laminar or turbulent flow. If the Reynolds number is less than
2100 for a round pipe then the flow can be considered laminar, while if the
Reynolds number is above 4000 the flow through a round pipe can be
considered turbulent. Finally, if the Reynolds number is in between 2100 and
4000 then the flow is transitional, which means part of the flow is laminar
while part of it is turbulent.
The reason why it is important to know if a fluids flow is turbulent or laminar is
because the fluid will behave differently since the particles for a laminar flow
follow a stream line, while fluid particles for a turbulent flow follow their own
random paths.
Stream Line
To have an accurate prediction using Bernoulli's equation the fluid particles
must follow a stream line. This means that the fluids follow the same
predictable path that particle before it followed, so that the fluid motion can be
easily predicted using dynamics. This is also known as laminar flow. If the fluid
particles follow random paths instead of a similar path, it is called turbulent
flow. Turbulent flow is considered chaos since it is very difficult to predict the
fluid motion due to the fact that fluid particles don't appear to follow a particular
stream line.
Example:

An oil having an absolute viscosity of 0.0814 Pa.s flows through a cast iron
pipe at a velocity of 1.0 m/s. The pipe is 45 m long and has a diameter of
150 mm. Sp. Gr. Of oil is 0.869. determine its Reynold’s number.

Solution:

Re = (0.869)(1000) (1.0) (0.15)

0.0814
Re = 1601
 Pipe Network
HARDY CROSS METHOD based on the ff. principles:

1. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving the junction.
2. The algebraic sum of friction losses around any closed loop is zero.

Qt = Q a + α

Qt = true flow
Qa = assumed flow
α = correction to be applied

α = - Σ k’Qa2 use positive signs for clockwise directions of flow

2 Σ k’Qa

k’= 0.0826 fl
D5
Example: CE Board Nov. 1993
The water supply required for a new development is to be taken
from an existing main by making connections at A and B as shown in the
figure. The peak draw – off rates on the new section of the pipe network will
be 15 L/s and 5 Li/s at C and D respectively, while maintaining an available
flow at B of 80 L/s. The frictional characteristics of pipes in the system may
be expressed as h = kQ2: where h = headloss in meters and Q = flowrate in
m3/s.
0.015

0.10 A B 0.08

0.005
The value of K are as follows:
KAB = 1 x 103 KAD = 6 x 103 KDB = 2 x 103
KAC = 6 x 103 KCB = 4 x 103
Determine the change in headloss between A and B with the revised pipe
network compared to the case when the whole of the flow required at B was
delivered along AB.

Solution:
0.015

C
2 3

0.10 A 1 B 0.08

4 D 5

0.005
 0.015

Assume flow in each pipe:

Q2 = 0.02 Q3 = 0.005

2 C 3
Q1 = 0.06

0.10 A 1 B 0.08

4 D 5

Q4 = 0.02 Q5= 0.015

0.005
Tabulate:

PIPE K Q KQ KQ2

2 6000 0.02 120 2.4

3 4000 0.005 20 0.1

1 1000 0.06 60 3.6

4 6000 0.02 120 2.4

5 2000 0.015 30 0.45

α = - Σ k’Qa2
2 Σ k’Qa
 0.015

Assume flow in each pipe:

Q2 = 0.02 Q3 = 0.005

2 C 3
Q1 = 0.06

0.10 A 1 B 0.08

4 D 5

Q4 = 0.02 Q5= 0.015

0.005
Solve the correction for the loops:

For loop 1:

α = - Σ k’Qa2 = - 2.4 + 0.1 – 3.6 = + 0.00275 m3/s

2 Σ k’Qa 2 (120 + 20 + 60)

For loop 2:

α = - Σ k’Qa2 = - 3.6 – 2.4 – 0.45 = - 0.00179 m3/s

2 Σ k’Qa 2 (60 + 120 + 30)
Apply the corrections:
Q2 = 0.02 Q3 = 0.005
Q2 = 0.02 + 0.00275 = 0.023 m3/s
2 3
Q3 = 0.005 + 0.00275 = 0.008 m3/s
α1 = 0.00275

Q1 = 0.06
Q1 = 0.06 - 0.00275 – 0.00179
1 = 0.055 m3/s

Q4 = 0.02 + 0.00179 = 0.022 m3/s

α2 = 0.00179

4 5 Q5 = 0.015 + 0.00179 = 0.017 m3/s

Q4 = 0.02 Q5= 0.015

Determine the change in headloss:

hf = 0.0826fLQ2 but K = 0.0826fl so hf = KQ2

D5 D5

When Q1 = 0.08

hf1 = K1Q12
= 1000 (0.08)2
= 6.4 m

When Q1 = 0.055

hf1 = K1Q12
= 1000 (0.055)2
= 3.025 m

Change in headloss = 6.4 – 3.025 = 3.375 m