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• Pipes in parallel
• Three reservoir problem
• Quasi stationary pipe flow
Exercises: D21, D26, and (D27)
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Solution
• Energy equation ⇒ hf1 + Σhlocal,1 = hf2 + Σhlocal,2
• Continuity equation ⇒ Q = Q1 + Q2
(elevation z in reservoirs same for both pipes, velocity V in
reservoirs equal to zero or otherwise same for both pipes)
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
Solution
3 Possible flow situations: As HJ (HJ is total head at J) is initially
1) From reservoir 1 and 2 to reservoir 3 unknown, a method of solution is
2) From reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 and 3 as follows:
3) From reservoir 1 to 3 (Q2 = 0)
For the situation as shown: 1) Guess HJ
Energy equation ⇒ 2) Calculate Q1, Q2, and Q3
HJ = PJ/w + zJ + V2J/2g 3) If Q1 + Q2 = Q3, then the solution is
hf1 + Σhlocal,1 = z1 – HJ correct
hf2 + Σhlocal,2 = z2 – HJ 4) If Q1 + Q2 ≠ Q3, then return to 1).
hf3 + Σhlocal,3 = HJ – z3
Continuity equation ⇒ Q3 = Q1 + Q2
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics
• Volume change in the reservoir during a small time interval dt, can
be expressed as:
dV = (Qi – Qo) · dt and dV = As · dz →
As · dz = (Qi – Qo) · dt where both inflow and outflow can vary in
time.
The outflow can normally be determined by the energy equation that
gives outflow as a function of z. For example outflow through a hole:
Qo = Ahole · CD · (2gz)1/2 (Eqn. 5.12)
If time is to be estimated that changes the water level from z1 to z2
integration of dt = (As /(Qi – Qo)) dz gives:
z2
t = z1∫ (As /(Qi – Qo)) dz this expression can be derivated if Qi = 0 or if Qi
= constant and Qo can be re-written as a function of z. Qo can be
determined by the energy equation during short time periods
assuming stationarity. If water level changes quickly an acceleration
term has to be included though.
VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics