Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet

1. What is Reynolds Number?

2. What is the difference between laminar and turbulent flow give simple example?
3. Water flows through a circular nozzle, exits into the air as a jet, and strikes a plate (see fig 1).
The force required to hold the plate steady is 70 N. Assuming frictionless one dimensional flow,
estimate (a) the velocities at sections (1) and (2); (b) the mercury manometer reading h.

Fig.1 Fig. 2
4. A reservoir supplies water through 100 m of 30-cm-diameter cast iron pipe to a water turbine
that extracts 80 hp from the flow as shown in the fig 2. The water then exhausts to the
atmosphere. Neglect minor losses. (a) Assuming that f ≈ 0.019, find the flow rate, Reynolds
number, head of turbine and head loss.
5. The system in Fig. 3 consists of 1200 m of 5 cm cast-iron pipe, two 45° and four 90° flanged
long-radius elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve, and a sharp exit into a reservoir. If the
elevation at point 1 is 400 m, what gage pressure is required at point 1 to deliver 0.005 m3/s of
water at 20°C into the reservoir?

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

6. An open tank of diameter D containing water to depth ho is emptied by a smooth orifice at the
bottom as shown the fig. 4. Derive an expression for the time taken to reduce the height to h.
Also find the time tmax for emptying the tank.
7. A horizontal pipeline is attached to the wall of reservoir (see fig. 5). The water level in the upper
reservoir is in the height H = 1.5 m above the center line of pipe. From the lower end of the
pipeline water flows out to the open space. Diameters and lengths of pipeline reaches are: D1 =
 Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet

0.24 m, L1 = 3 m, D2 = 0.1 m, L2 = 1 m, D3 = 0.12 m, L3 = 2 m. Calculate discharge in the

pipeline and draw the course of energy line (EL) and pressure line (PL). Resolve the problem: a)
Neglecting losses (i.e. consider the liquid to be ideal) b) Considering losses for water of
temperature 10°C. Steel pipeline consider to be after usage (slightly rusted).

Fig. 5 Fig. 6
3
8. For the system in Fig. 6, solve for the flow rate in m /h if the fluid is SAE 10 oil at 20°C. Is the
flow laminar or turbulent?
9. The head loss in a pipe can be expressed in the form hf = KQ2 . Two pipes having constants K1
and K2 are to be considered as a single equivalent pipe. Determine the value K3 of this single pipe
when the two are laid: i. in series ii. in parallel.
10. pipeline of diameter D = 0.5 m has a length L = 200 m, and the value of the Darcy friction λ may
be assumed to have a constant value of 0.024. The pipeline contains two fully open valves, the
local head loss at each of which is 0.2v2 /2g, and three bends at each of which the head loss is
0.5v2 /2g where V is the velocity of water in the pipe. Calculate the value of K in the expression
h = K Q2 relating the total head loss h to the flow Q through the pipeline.
11. Water of density 1000 kg/m3 is flowing into inlet (1) of the pipe-junction shown in the diagram.
at a steady flow rate of 0.22 m3/s. The volume of water in the junction is 0.016 m3. The centre of
the outlet (3) is situated 600 mm vertically above the main horizontal pipe running between (1)
and (2). The water pressure at (1) is 230 kN/m2 and at (2) is 200 kN/m2 ; energy losses in the
flow are considered negligible. Determine . (i) the water pressure at (3). (ii) the flows leaving the
junction at (2) and (3).

Answer https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/cmce-2351-fluid-mechanics-
assignment-3-frictional-local-losses-determine-total-energy-loss-q25230503
 Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet

https://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.html

https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/major-head-loss-friction-loss/

Answer
i. The dimensionless Reynolds number plays a prominent role in foreseeing the patterns in a
fluid’s behavior. The Reynolds number, referred to as Re, is used to determine whether the
fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. It is one of the main controlling parameters in all viscous
flows where a numerical model is selected according to pre-calculated Reynolds number. In
practice, the Reynolds number is used to predict if the flow will be laminar or turbulent.
The fluid flow in a pipe as an internal flow had been illustrated by Reynolds as in Figure.
The critical Reynolds number for internal flow is:

Flow type Reynolds Number Range

Laminar regime up to Re=2300

Transition
2300<Re<4000
regime

Turbulent regime Re>4000

Table 1: Different Reynolds Numbers for different types of flow

ii. Laminar Flow: the flow of a fluid when each particle of

the fluid follows a smooth path, paths which never
interfere with one another. One result of laminar flow is
that the velocity of the fluid is constant at any point in the
fluid.

Turbulent Flow: irregular flow that is characterized by

tiny whirlpool regions. The velocity of this fluid is
definitely not constant at every point. :) 

Typical examples of both Laminar and Turbulent flows can be observed in

the cigarette smoke
i.
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ii.
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iii.
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iv.
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Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
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v.
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet
Fluid Mechanics I Worksheet