Internal Flow@ Flow in pipes

1. What should the reservoir level h be to maintain a flow of 0.01 m3/s through the commercial
steel annulus 30 m long shown in Figure. Neglect entrance effects and take ρ= 1000 kg/m3
and υ=1.02x10-6 m2/s for water. (3.58 m)

2. The Moody diagram gives the Darcy friction factor,f,in terms of Reynolds number and
relative roughness. The Fanning friction factor for pipe flow is defined as

τw
fF = 1
2 ρV 2

Where τ w is the wall shear stress in the pipe.

Show that the relation between the Darcy and Fanning friction factors for fully developed
pipe flow is given by f = 4f F .

3. Water, ρ= 1000 kg/m3and υ=0.000001022 m2/s, is pumped between two reservoirs at

0.005663369 m3/s through 121.92 m of 0.0508 m-diameter pipe and several minor losses, as
shown in Figure. The roughness ratio is ε/d = 0.001. Compute the pump horsepower
required. (4.24 hp)

4. The system in Figure consists of 1200 m of 5 cm cast iron pipe, two 45° and four 90° flanged
long-radius elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve, and a sharp exit into a reservoir. If the
elevation at point 1 is 400 m, what gauge pressure is required at point 1 to deliver 0.005 m3/s
of water at 20°C into the reservoir? (P 1 = 3.47 MPa)

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5. The tank-pipe system of Figure is to deliver at least 11 m3/h of water at 20°C to the reservoir.
What is the maximum roughness ε allowable for the pipe? (ε = 0.0135mm)

6. In Figure suppose P 1 = 700 kPa and the fluid specific gravity is 0.68. If the flow rate is 27
m3/h, estimate the viscosity of the fluid. What fluid in Table 1 is the likely suspect?
(µ = 3.2 x 10-4 kg/m.s , Gasoline)

7. The pipe flow in figure before is driven by pressurized air in the tank. What gage pressure p 1
is needed to provide a 20°C water flow rate Q = 60 m3/h? (P 1 = 2.37MPa)

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8. Water at 20°C is to be pumped through 609.6 m of pipe from reservoir 1 to 2 at a rate of
0.08495054 m3/s, as shown in Figure. If the pipe is cast iron of diameter 15.24 cm and the
pump is 75 percent efficient, what horsepower pump is needed? (204 hp)

Suppose the only pump available can deliver only 80 hp to the fluid. Develop diameter
pipe d to friction f relation that can maintain the 0.08495054 m3/s flow rate?

9. Cooling water is pumped from a reservoir to rock drills on a construction job using the pipe
system shown. The flow rate must be 38L/s and water must leave the spray nozzle at 37 m/s.
Calculate the minimum pressure needed at the pump outlet. Estimate the required power
input if the pump efficiency is 70 percent.(241.98 m, 2.38 MPa)

10. A 100-m length of smooth horizontal pipe is attached to a large reservoir. A pump is attached
to the end of the pipe to pump water into the reservoir at a volume flow rate of 0.01 m3/s.
What pressure (gage) must the pump produce at the pipe to generate this flow rate? The
inside diameter of the smooth pipe is 75 mm. (P 1 = 152.3 kPa)

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11. As shown in Figure , water “bubbles up” 8-cm. above the exit of the vertical pipe attached to
three horizontal pipe segments. The total length of the 2-cm.-diameter galvanized iron pipe
between point (1) and the exit is 55 cm. Determine the pressure needed at point (1) to
produce this flow. (P 1 = 53 kPa)

12. It is desired to use an open air elevated tank to facilitate delivery of water to a building
located some distance away. The required flow rate is 0.15 m3/s and it is desired to have an
available pressure of 20 kN/m2 in the line at the building location. The ground surface at the
building is 20 m higher than the ground surface at the tank as shown in Figure. The
connecting pipe is 250 m long and 25 cm in diameter. The head loss through the pipe is 7.5
m. What must be the elevation of the water surface in the stand tank? (Z 1 = 31.1 m )

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Repeat above problem using flow rate of 0.015 m3/s, 0.0015 m3/s and 0.00015 m3/s.
compare each of the results. (22.15 m, 22.04 m, 22.04 m)
What will be the result if Bernoulli equation were used in solving the problem? (error,
Bernoulli does not include the friction effects)

13. A pump is used to deliver discharge of 0.05 m3/s from a river to a storage reservoir. The
system consists of 500 m of 0.15 m cast iron pipe with a 90o bend with a radius of 0.75 m,
which then transitions to a 0.1 m cast iron pipe 100 m long, as shown below. If the difference
between the water levels in the river and the reservoir in 20 m and the water discharges into
the atmosphere at the reservoir through a fully open gate valve, find the power required by
the pump. (50.72 kW)

14. Figure below show a tank-pipe water system that operates with 0.03 m3/s with the branch line
is shut off. The tank to the pipe is considered as sharp edged entrance flow and the
temperature of the water measured to be 20°C.

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If the plastic pipe are broken so that all the pipe are required to be replaced with used pipe with
an equivalent roughness of 0.5 and the diameter of 20 cm, analyse whether the used pipe can be
used if the new pressure drop or increasing are allowed to be 10% from the existing one. (not
accept, pressure drop more than 10%)
15. For an inclined circle pipe with free body diagram shown in figure below,

Prove that the

i) pressure over length is given by,

∆p 4τw
= + γ sin θ
l D

ii) velocity profile is given by

D 2  ∆p    2r  
2

u=  − ρ g sin θ  1 −   
16 µ  l    D  

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iii) flow rate is given by

Q=
( ∆p − ρ gl sin θ ) π D 4
128l µ

where :
τw = shear stress at wall
D = pipe diameter
γ = specific weight of the fluid
θ = inclined angle

16. Water at 20°C flows by gravity from a large reservoir at a high elevation to a smaller one
through a 35 m long, 5 cm diameter cast iron piping system that includes four standard
flanged elbows, a well-rounded entrance, a sharp-edged exit, and a fully open gate valve.
Taking the free surface of the lower reservoir as the reference level, determine the elevation
Z 1 of the higher reservoir for a flow rate of 0.3 m3/min. (8.105 m)

17. Show that the Reynolds number for flow in a circular pipe of diameter D as in Figure can be
expressed as
4m
Re =
πDµ

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18. Water at 5 °C flows through the coils of the heat exchanger as shown in Figure at a rate of
3.5L/min. Determine the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the horizontal device.

19. Calculate the Reynolds number and state whether the fluid is in laminar, transition or
turbulent.
i. Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.00062 m2/s and 25 m/s velocity is being
discharged by a 5-mm-diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. (Re=202, Laminar)
ii. Oil with a density of 850 kg/m3, viscosity of 0.527 N.s/m2 and 200 m/s velocity is
being discharged by a 5-mm-diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. (Re=1613, Laminar)
iii. Water with a density of 1kg/m3, kinematic viscosity of 1.52x10-6 m2/s being
discharged by a 50-mm-diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. (Re=3289, transition)
iv. Oil with a Reynolds number of 5000 and density of 850 kg/m3 being discharged by a
5-mm-diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the atmosphere.
(Re=5000, turbulent)

20. Blue and yellow streams of paint at (each with a density of 825 kg/m3 and a viscosity 1000
times greater than water) enter a pipe with an average velocity of 1.2 m/s as shown in
Figure. Would you expect the paint to exit the pipe as green paint or separate streams of blue
and yellow paint? Explain. Repeat the problem if the paint were “thinned” so that it is only

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 Internal Flow@ Flow in pipes
10 times more viscous than water. Assume the density remains the same. (separate, mixed
(green, 0.1482 m , 0.908 m )

21. A large artery in a person’s body can be approximated by a tube of diameter 9 mm and length
0.35 m. Also assume that blood has a viscosity of approximately 4x10-3 N.s/m2, a specific
gravity of 1.0, and that the pressure at the beginning of the artery is equivalent to 120 mm
Hg. The specific gravity of mercury is 13.3. If the flow were steady (it is not) with V=0.2m/s,
determine the pressure at the end of the artery if it is oriented
a) vertically up (flow up) and
b) horizontal.
Compare result obtained form a) and b) with problem solve using Bernoulli’s equation
only. (12.42 kPa, 15.85 kPa, 12.527 kPa, 15.96 kPa)

22. Oil with ρ= 876 kg/m3 and µ=0.24 kg/m·s is flowing through a 1.5-cm-diameter pipe that
discharges into the atmosphere at 88 kPa. The absolute pressure 15 m before the exit is
measured to be 135 kPa. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe if the pipe is
a) horizontal,
b) inclined 8° upward from the horizontal, and
c) inclined 8° downward from the horizontal.
Assume that the flow is in laminar. (1.622 x 10-5, 1 x10-5, 2.24 x 10-5)

23. Air enters a 10-m-long section of a rectangular duct of cross section 15 cm x 20 cm made of
commercial steel at 1 atm and 35°C at an average velocity of 7 m/s. Disregarding the
entrance effects, determine the fan power needed to overcome the pressure losses in this
section of the duct. (6.9594 W)

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24. Water flows steadily through the 2-cm diameter galvanized iron pipe system shown in figure
below at a rate of 5.6x10-4m3/s. Your boss suggests that friction losses in the straight pipe
sections are negligible compared to losses in the threaded elbows and fittings of the system.
Do you agree or disagree with your boss? Support your answer with appropriate calculations.
Take the kinematic viscocity of water is 1.12x10-6 m2/s. (Disagree, error of 14%)

25. In Figure below the pipe entrance is sharp-edged. If the flow rate is 0.004 m3/s, what power,
in W, is extracted by the turbine? Assume the water is at 20°C. (814.6W)

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Table 1 : Properties of Common Liquids at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F)

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Table 2 : Properties of Saturated Water

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Table 3 : Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure

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