FRICTION

FACTORS FOR
FLOW IN
TUBES
GROUP - 5
THE TEAM

Dinakar
DinakarDM
DM Moneesh
MoneeshBB Nishanth
NishanthCC

102118018 102118038 102118042

Table of contents

01 INTRODUCTION
02 FRICTION
FACTOR

03 FLOW IN TUBES
04 FRICTION
FACTOR CHART
INTRODUCTION
In this topic we will see how flow problems can be solved by a combination of
dimensional analysis and experimental data.

The technique presented here has been widely used in chemical, mechanical,
aeronautical, and civil engineering, and it is useful for solving many practical
problems.
 FLOW PROBLEMS

AROUND SUBMERGED
IN CHANNELS
OBJECTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATION

THE VOLUME BETWEEN THE VELOCITY OF
RATE OF FLOW AND THE THE APPROACHING FLUID
PRESSURE DROP AND/OR AND THE DRAG FORCE ON
ELEVATION CHANGE THE OBJECT
FRICTION FACTORS

There will be a force Ffs, exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces. It is
convenient to split this force into two parts: F s, the force that would be exerted
by the fluid even if it were stationary; and F k, the additional force associated
with the motion of the fluid.
Magnitude of the force Fk is proportional to a characteristic area A and a characteristic kinetic energy K per unit
volume; thus

in which the proportionality constant f is called the friction factor.

For flow in conduits, A is usually taken to be the wetted surface, and K is taken to be 0.5. 𝛒<V> 2 specifically, for
circular tubes of radius R and length L we define f by

Eqn - 1

For pressure difference (po - pL) and the elevation difference ho - hL. A force balance on the fluid between 0 and L
in the direction of flow gives for fully developed flow

Eqn - 2
Elimination of Fk between the last two equations (1&2) then gives:

This shows how to calculate f from experimental data. The quantity f is sometimes called the
Fanning friction factor.
FRICTION FACTORS FOR
FLOW IN TUBES

We consider a "test section" of inner radius R and

length L, carrying a fluid of constant density and
viscosity at a steady mass flow rate. The pressures 𝓟,
and 𝓟L at the ends of the test section are known.

Section of a circular pipe from z = 0 to z

= L for the discussion of dimensional
analysis
The system is either in steady laminar flow or steadily driven turbulent flow (i.e., turbulent flow with
a steady total throughput). In either case the force in the z direction of the fluid on the inner wall of
the test section is

Equating the above equation with , we get the following expression for the
friction factor:

Introducing the dimensionless quantities,

This relation is valid for laminar or turbulent flow in smooth

circular tubes.
We know that can be evaluated from:

Applying initial & boundary conditions:

If Eqs. could be solved with these boundary and initial conditions to get , the
solutions would necessarily be of the form
When is evaluated at and then integrated over in Eq., the result depends only on
t, Re, and L/D . Therefore we are led to the conclusion that
which, when time averaged, becomes

This development occurs within an entrance region, of length L e

≅ 0.03D Re for laminar flow or Le ≅ 60D for turbulent flow,
beyond which the shape of the velocity distribution is "fully
developed." In the transportation of fluids, the entrance length is
usually a small fraction of the total; the above relation reduces to
the long-tube form
FRICTION FACTOR CHART
Laminar Flow on the friction factor chart:

Turbulent curves using experimental data:

Haaland Equation
 For turbulent flow in noncircular tubes we define a "mean hydraulic radius" Rh as follows:

in which S is the cross section of the conduit and Z is the wetted perimeter.

Then we can use with the diameter D of the circular pipe replaced by 4Rh

REFERENCE: R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot - Transport Phenomena.-Wiley (2001)
THANK
YOU
The floor is now open for questions!