Lesson 6

 THE DOPPLER EFFECT FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Recall that Doppler Effect is the phenomenon where there is a change in the wave
frequency from a wave source and an observer. Consider the situation as illustrated in the
figure below. Source is moving with constant speed v towards a stationary observer. Source
1
emits light waves with frequency 𝑓0 and period 𝑇0 = . 𝑇0 is called the proper time. Recall
𝑓0
that a proper time is the time measured in the frame of reference in which the clock is at
rest. What is the frequency f of these waves as received by the observer? Let T be the time
interval between emission of successive wave crests as observed by the observer’s reference
1
frame. But 𝑓 ≠ since the crests are emitted at different points in the observer’s frame.
𝑇

Note that the speed of light in vaccum , c is equivalent to the frequency f and the wavelength
of light, that is 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆. The frequency is expressed then as
𝑐
𝑓=
𝜆
As seen in the figure, the wavelength, 𝜆 = 𝑐𝑇 − 𝑣𝑇 = (𝑐 − 𝑣)𝑇. Substituting to f,
𝑐
𝑓=
(𝑐 − 𝑣)𝑇
Note that 𝑇 ≠ 𝑇0 due to time dilation, thus
𝑇0
𝑇=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Transforming the Lorentz factor,
1 1 1 1 𝑐
= = = =
2 2 2 2 2 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2
√1 − 𝑣2 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣2 √𝑐 −2 𝑣
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
Substituting to T,
𝑐 𝑇0
𝑇=
√𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2
Solving for 1/T,

1 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2
=
𝑇 𝑐 𝑇0
1 1
But note that 𝑇0 = which implies that 𝑓0 = .
𝑓0 𝑇0
 1 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2
= 𝑓0
𝑇 𝑐
1
Substituting to the equation on f,
𝑇
𝑐 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2 √𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2
𝑓=( ) 𝑓0 = 𝑓
𝑐−𝑣 𝑐 𝑐−𝑣 0

Note that 𝑐 2 − 𝑣 2 = (𝑐 + 𝑣)(𝑐 − 𝑣). Also, 𝑐 − 𝑣 = √(𝑐 − 𝑣)2

√(𝑐 + 𝑣)(𝑐 − 𝑣) (𝑐 + 𝑣)(𝑐 − 𝑣)
𝑓=( ) 𝑓0 = √ 𝑓0
√(𝑐 − 𝑣)2 (𝑐 − 𝑣)2

(𝒄 + 𝒗)
𝒇=√ 𝒇 𝑫𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔
𝒄−𝒗 𝟎
(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒓)

where f is the observed frequency

𝑓0 is the emitted frequency
c is the speed of light in vaccum
v is the speed of the source which emits light

When the source moves toward the observer, the observed frequency f, is greater than the
emitted frequency, 𝑓0 .

When the source moves away from the observer, there will be change in the direction of v,
thus

(𝒄 − 𝒗)
𝒇=√ 𝒇 𝑫𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔
𝒄+𝒗 𝟎
(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒓)

Unlike sound, motion of source and motion of observer are not affected, only the relative
velocity is significant.

The Doppler frequency shift is given by the difference between the observed frequency and
the emitted frequency. In equation, it is given by

Δ𝑓 = 𝑓 − 𝑓0

Example:

The blue light from a jet has a frequency of 6.66𝑥1014 𝐻𝑧, but in the frame of
reference of the jet material, the light has a frequency of 5.55𝑥1013 𝐻𝑧. At what speed is
the jet material moving toward us?

Solution:
The following are the given physical quantities:
observed frequency, f= 6.66𝑥1014 𝐻𝑧
emitted frequency, 𝑓0 =5.55𝑥1013 𝐻𝑧
Find: speed of the jet which emits light, v

Since the source is moving towards the observer, the formula to be used is the first formula,
that is
(𝑐 + 𝑣 )
𝑓=√ 𝑓
𝑐−𝑣 0
To find for the speed of the jet, the formula needs to be expressed in terms of v. Dividing
both sides with 𝑓0 and squaring both sides,
2
2
𝑓 (𝑐 + 𝑣)
( ) = (√ )
𝑓0 𝑐−𝑣
Simplifying,

𝑓2 𝑐+𝑣
2 =
𝑓0 𝑐−𝑣
(𝑐 + 𝑣)𝑓0 2 = (𝑐 − 𝑣)𝑓 2
Distributing
𝑓0 2 𝑐 + 𝑓0 2 𝑣 = 𝑓 2 𝑐 − 𝑓 2 𝑣
Combining terms with v and c,
𝑓 2 𝑣 + 𝑓0 2 𝑣 = 𝑓 2 𝑐 − 𝑓0 2 𝑐
Factoring out v and c,
2
𝑣(𝑓 2 + 𝑓0 ) = 𝑐(𝑓 2 − 𝑓0 2 )
Solving for v,
𝑐(𝑓 2 − 𝑓0 2 )
𝑣= 2
(𝑓 2 + 𝑓0 )
Dividing the numerator and denominator by 𝑓0 2
𝑓2
( 2 − 1)
𝑓0
𝑣= 𝑐
𝑓2
( 2 − 1)
[ 𝑓0 ]
Substituting the values,
2
6.66𝑥1014
([ ] − 1)
5.55𝑥1013
𝑣= 2 𝑐
6.66𝑥1014
([ 13 ] − 1)
[ 5.55𝑥10 ]
([12]2 − 1)
=[ ]𝑐
([12]2 − 1)
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝒄
Therefore, the speed of the jet is 0.986c.
Lesson 7

 RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM

Classically, momentum as defined by Newton is given by

𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Where p is the momentum in kg m/s
m is the mass of the object in kg
v is the velocity of the object in m/s

This classical definition of momentum only holds at low velocities. How about if the object
will move near the speed of light? Will the classical momentum still hold?

Relativistic Mass

Let’s first discuss the concept of relativistic mass. Consider objects travelling near the speed
of light. This objects or matter can be electrons, protons and mesons. The relativistic mass
( mass relative to an observer) of these objects will be dependent on the rest mass and of
1
course the Lorentz factor, 𝛾 = 2
. Rest mass is defined to be the mass of the body when
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
it is not moving. For example, the rest mass of electron is 9.109×10−31 kg. The relativistic
mass therefore is given by,
𝒎𝟎
𝒎 = 𝜸𝒎𝟎 = 𝑹𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑽𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑴𝑨𝑺𝑺
𝒗 𝟐
√𝟏 − 𝟐
𝒄
Based on the equation, it can be interpreted that the relativistic mass of a body at the speed
𝑣2
v relative to an observer is larger than its rest mass by the factor√1 − .
𝑐2

Example:
Find the mass of an electron (𝑚0 =9.109×10−31 kg) moving at a velocity of 0.99c.

The relativistic mass is given by the formula

𝑚0 9.109 × 10−31 kg
𝑚= = = 6.46 × 10−30 kg
2 2
√1 − 𝑣2 √1 − (0.99𝑐)
𝑐 𝑐2
This relativistic mass is more than 7 times greater than the electron’s rest mass.

Relativistic Momentum

The relativistic momentum depends on the relativistic mass and the velocity of the
object. Notice that the relativistic mass is given by 𝑚 = 𝛾𝑚0 . Substituting this relativistic
mass to the equation of classical momentum,

𝒑 = 𝜸𝒎𝟎 𝒗 𝑹𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑽𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑼𝑴

where p is the relativistic momentum in kg m/s

 1
𝛾= 2
is the Lorentz factor
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
𝑚0 is the rest mass
v is the velocity of the object(near the speed of light)

Example:
Compute for the relativistic momentum of the electron with a velocity of 0.99c.

The relativistic mass of the electron is computed in the last example to be 6.46 × 10−30 kg.
Therefore, the relativistic momentum is
𝒑 = 𝜸𝒎𝟎 𝒗 = (6.46 × 10−30 kg)(0.99c) = 6.39 × 10−30 𝑐 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎/𝒔

Relativistic Force

Note that change in momentum is equal to impulse, that is Δ𝑝 = 𝐹Δ𝑡. Solving for F,

Δ𝑝
𝐹=
Δ𝑡
but Δ𝑝 = 𝑚Δ𝑣, thus
mΔ𝑣
𝐹=
Δ𝑡
Δ𝑣 𝑚0
Also, = 𝑎 (𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛); and 𝑚 = 𝛾𝑚0 = 2
(relativistic mass). Substituting,
Δ𝑡
√1−𝑣2
𝑐

𝑚0 𝑎
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑎 = 𝑅𝐸𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐼𝐶 𝐹𝑂𝑅𝐶𝐸
𝑣 2
√1 − 2
𝑐
This equation holds when the force and the velocity are perpendicular with each other. If
the force and velocity are along the same line, the relativistic force is given by
𝑚0 𝑎
𝐹 = 𝛾 3 𝑚0 𝑎 = 3/2
𝑣2
(1 − 2 )
𝑐
Lesson 8

 RELATIVISTIC WORK AND ENERGY

RELATIVISTIC KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by moving objects. It is equal to the net work done
on a particle moving from rest to the speed v. Note that the work done is equivalent to the
total force multiplied by the displacement traveled by the moving particle. Taking the total
work done accounts for the summation of the force form the starting point to the final
destination of the object. This is equivalent to taking the integral of the force done with
respect to x. In equation,
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑥
Note that the net force on this situation is on the same line as the velocity, thus the net force
is
𝑚0 𝑎
𝐹= 3/2
𝑣2
(1 − 2 )
𝑐
Substituting to the equation for KE,

𝑚0 𝑎
𝐾𝐸 = ∫ 3/2
𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
(1 − 2 )
𝑐
Δ𝑣 d𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Note that 𝑎 = = ; and 𝑣𝑥 = . Re-expressing KE,
Δ𝑡 d𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑚0 d𝑣𝑥
𝐾𝐸 = ∫ ( ) 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑥2 3/2 d𝑡 𝑥
(1 − )
𝑐2
𝑣
𝑚0
𝐾𝐸 = ∫ 3/2 𝑥
𝑣 d𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑥 2
0
(1 − 2 )
𝑐
𝑣𝑥 2 −2
Evaluating by letting 𝑢 = 1 − 2 . The derivative of u is, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑣𝑥 d𝑣𝑥 . This means that
𝑐 𝑐
𝑐2
𝑣𝑥 d𝑣𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 . The integral can be expressed as
−2

𝑣
𝑚0 𝑐2
𝐾𝐸 = ∫ (
3/2 −2
𝑑𝑢)
0 (𝑢 )
Putting the constants outside the integral sign,
𝑣 𝑣
𝑐2 𝑑𝑢 𝑐2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 ( )∫ = 𝑚 0 ( ) ∫ (𝑢)−3/2 𝑑𝑢
−2 0 (𝑢)3/2 −2 0
𝑢𝑛+1
Applying the power formula for integration, that is ∫ 𝑢𝑛 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
 𝑐2 𝑢(−3/2)+1 𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 ( ) [ ]
−2 (−3/2) + 1 0
𝑐 2 𝑢−1/2 𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 ( ) [ ]
−2 −1/2 0

𝑐2 1 𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 ( ) (−2) [ 1/2 ]
−2 𝑢 0
Substituting back the value of u,

1 𝑣 1 𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2
𝑣𝑥 2 1/2 0 2 0
(1 − 2 ) √1 − 𝑣𝑥2
[ 𝑐 ] [ 𝑐 ]
Evaluating the integral from 0 to v,
𝑚0 𝑐 2 1
𝐾𝐸 = − 𝑚0 𝑐 2
2 2
√1 − 𝑣2 √1 − 02
𝑐 𝑐

𝑚0 𝑐 2
𝐾𝐸 = − 𝑚0 𝑐 2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐2
2
Factoring out 𝑚0 𝑐 ,

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 −1
𝑣 2
√
( 1 − 𝑐2 )
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝟐 (𝜸 − 𝟏) 𝑹𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑽𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑲𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑮𝒀
1
Will Newton’s expression for kinetic energy(𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑣 2 still hold? Using the Binomial
2
𝑛 𝑥2
Theorem: (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + ⋯. Let 𝑛 = −1/2 and 𝑥 = −𝑣 2 /𝑐 2 , then
2
−1/2
𝑣2 1 𝑣2 3 𝑣4
Lorentz factor 𝛾 = (1 − 2 ) =1+ 2
+ + ⋯ . Combining with the expression
𝑐 2𝑐 8 𝑐4
for KE,

1 𝑣2 3 𝑣4
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 (1 + + + ⋯ − 1)
2 𝑐2 8 𝑐4
1 𝑣2 3 𝑣4
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 ( 2 + +⋯)
2𝑐 8 𝑐2
1 2 3 𝑣4
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚0 ( 𝑣 + +⋯)
2 8 𝑐2

When v is much smaller than c (v<<c), all the term in the series will be zero except for the
first term, thus

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣2 ,𝑣 ≪ 𝑐
2 0

which is Newton’s expression for kinetic energy!

MASS- ENERGY EQUIVALENCE

In the expression for the relativistic kinetic energy 𝐾𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2 − 𝑚0 𝑐 2 , the first
term 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2 depends on the velocity v of the moving object but the second term 𝑚0 𝑐 2 is
constant which is independent of the motion of the object. In here, it seems that KE is the
difference of some total energy E and an energy 𝑚0 𝑐 2 , thus

𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑚0 𝑐 2
Substituting the value of KE,

𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2 − 𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 𝑚0 𝑐 2

𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2
Since relativistic mass 𝑚 = 𝛾𝑚0

𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐 𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑹𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑽𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑮𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑳𝑬

This is also called the Mass-Energy Equivalence. This equation says that mass (matter) is
another form of energy. The total energy of a particle is dependent on its mass. This is
Einstein’s famous equation.

Application of the 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 is the generation of power through nuclear reaction. When

Uranium nucleus undergoes fission in a nuclear reactor, an amount of energy is released
that equals the relativistic mass multiplied by 𝑐 2 . This energy is used to produce steam to
operate turbines for electric power generation. But don’t you know that this Einstein’s
equation was the reason behind the creation of the first atomic bombs which were dropped
by the United States in Hiroshima, Japan in August 6, 1945 and at Nagasaki, Japan on
August 9, 1945? That’s the devastating effect of the mass-energy equivalence.

For a particle at rest (KE=0),

𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑻 𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑮𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑳𝑬

Example:
Find the rest energy of an electron in Joules and in electron volts.

The rest mass of the electron, 𝑚0 =9.109 × 10−31 kg. The rest energy therefore is
𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 = 9.109 × 10−31 kg(3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠)2 = 8.20 × 10−14 𝐽

Note that 1eV= 1.602× 10−19 𝐽 . Thus E in eV is

1𝑒𝑉
𝐸 = (8.20 × 10−14 𝐽) = 5.11 × 105 𝑒𝑉 = 0.511 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1.602 × 10−19 𝐽

ENERGY-MOMENTUM RELATIVITY

We can also relate the total energy E of a particle (kinetic energy plus rest energy) directly
to its momentum. Recall that the relativistic momentum and the total relativistic energy are
given by the equations, respectively,
 𝑚0 𝑣
𝑝 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑣 =
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
2
𝑚 0𝑐
𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2 =
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Squaring the equations,
𝑚0 2 𝑣 2
𝑝2 =
𝑣2
1− 2
𝑐
2 4
𝑚 0 𝑐
𝐸2 =
𝑣2
1− 2
𝑐

To get rid of the velocity v, there is a need to multiply 𝑝2 by 𝑐 2 .

𝑚0 2 𝑣 2 𝑐 2
𝑝2 𝑐 2 =
𝑣2
1− 2
𝑐
Subtracting 𝑝2 𝑐 2 from 𝐸 2 ,
𝑚0 2 𝑐 4 𝑚0 2 𝑣 2 𝑐 2
𝐸 2 − 𝑝2 𝑐 2 = −
𝑣2 𝑣2
1− 2 1− 2
𝑐 𝑐
Simplifying the right side of the equation,
𝑚0 2 𝑐 4 − 𝑚0 2 𝑣 2 𝑐 2
𝐸 2 − 𝑝2 𝑐 2 =
𝑣2
1− 2
𝑐
2 4 𝑣2
𝑚0 𝑐 (1 − 2 )
𝐸 2 − 𝑝2 𝑐 2 = 𝑐
𝑣2
1− 2
𝑐
𝐸 − 𝑝 𝑐 = 𝑚0 2 𝑐 4
2 2 2

𝐸 2 = 𝑚0 2 𝑐 4 + 𝑝 2 𝑐 2
𝑬𝟐 = (𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒑𝒄)𝟐 𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑮𝒀, 𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑻 𝑴𝑨𝑺𝑺 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑼𝑴

For a particle at rest (p=0),

𝐸 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2

This means that the total energy for a particle at rest would be accounted to the rest mass
and the speed of light.

If m=0(no rest mass),

𝐸 = 𝑝𝑐
This means that the total energy for particles with zero-rest mass (just like photons) is
accounted only by their momentum and the speed of light.
Lesson 9

 GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

The General Theory of Relativity was conceptualized by Albert Einstein in 1915, a

decade after he proposes the Special Theory of Relativity (1905). The General Theory of
Relativity extends to accelerating frames of reference (non-inertial). This theory is called
the Theory of Gravitation. Two principles are embedded in this theory (both of which deals
with the concept of gravity): (1) Equivalence Principle and (2) General Theory Prediction.

Equivalence Principle

The Equivalence Principle states that “accelerating reference frames are

indistinguishable from gravitational force”. This can be simplified that acceleration
produced by gravity and the acceleration produced by the accelerating reference frames are
the same.
This principle is illustrated by the following situations:
1. A person in a closed box undergoing free-fall can float through the air inside the
box. But in general, she/he cannot tell whether she/he is indeed in free fall or
whether the gravitational interaction has vanished.
2. Observer takes a box, attach it to a machine that accelerates upward. If an observer
drops an apple in such an accelerated box, he/she will see the apple drop to the floor,
the observer will also feel herself/himself pressed against the bottom of the box.

General Theory Prediction

According to the General Theory Prediction,

1. Any mass will give space a curvature. Motion of objects in space-time is deformed
by that curvature.
2. Gravity is a warp in space and time, and everything moving is affected, regardless
of mass.
3. Gravitational wave exists. When a mass is moved, the curvature of space-time
changes. If a mass is oscillated, ripples of space-time curvature carry the signal.
Gravitational wave carries energy and momentum and wiggles mass to its path.

Due to the indistinguishability of accelerating reference frames from gravity and that light
bends in an accelerating frame, does this mean that light must bend also in gravitational
field? But light doesn’t have any mass, how can gravity affect light? This is answered by
the second General Theory Prediction. Gravity affects light even light has no mass.
Therefore, gravity bends light.

Consequences of General Theory of Relativity

1. Gravitational Time Dilation

Time is longer when accelerating than when at rest. Thus, clocks slow down
whenever gravitational forces are present. At 10,000 km above the Earth’s surface,
a clock should run 4.5 parts in 1010 faster than one on the surface of the Earth. This
 is because the gravitational force is stronger at the surface of the Earth. This effect
of time dilation is already incorporated in Global Positioning System correction.

2. Gravitational Lensing
Gravitational lensing is the bending of light as it passes through massive
objects in the universe. This is due to the pull of gravity of these massive objects.

3. Gravitational Red-Shift
Gravitational red-shift means that light leaving a region where gravity is
strong reddens. Clocks on planet runs slow (due to time dilation and the presence of
gravitational force) thus the frequency of light is higher in the planet than in the
outer space. Blue light has higher frequency than red light. Thus blue light will be
perceived to be red by the observer in the outer space (weak gravitational force) as
it leaves the planet (strong gravitational force).

4. Blackholes
Blackholes are predicted to be existing in space because of General Theory
of Relativity. Blackholes are then defined to be very massive objects in outer space
that have very strong gravitational force that any object moving towards it will be
bent even light.
The bending of light is such that it follows the gravitational-red shift, until
all light will be converted into infrared, microwave and eventually radiowave. This
is the reason why when light passes through a blackhole light “seems” to disappear.