THE REVESIBLE ABIABATIC PROCESS

In adiabatic process, no heat is transferred from and to the system, so

the first law of thermodynamics equation will be
dU = dW= - PdV
For any process
dU = Cv dT
Therefore Cv dT = - PdV
𝑅𝑇
But for one mole of a gas PV=RT-------- P=
𝑉
𝑅𝑇
Cv dT = - dV
𝑉
𝑑𝑇 𝑅 𝑑𝑉
=− ……………… (1)
𝑇 𝐶𝑣 𝑉
𝐶𝑝
Let = and we have Cp= Cv + R
𝐶𝑣
 𝐶𝑣+𝑅
=
𝐶𝑣
𝑅
= −1
𝐶𝑣
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑉
Therefore = −( − 1)
𝑇 𝑉
After integration
𝑇2 𝑉2
ln = −( − 1) ln
𝑇1 𝑉1
Or
𝑇2 𝑉2 −( )
ln = ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑉1

𝑇2 𝑉1
Or ln = ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑉2

𝑇2 𝑉1
Or = ……………… (2)
𝑇1 𝑉2
 𝑃 1𝑉 1 𝑃 2𝑉 2 𝑉1 𝑇1𝑃 2
= =
𝑇1 𝑇2 OR 𝑉2 𝑇2𝑃 1
Substituting in (1)
𝑇2 𝑇1𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2𝑃1

𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑃1

𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑇2 = 𝑃2
𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑇2 𝑃2
= ……… (3)
𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑇2 𝑉1
= ……………… (2)
𝑇1 𝑉2
Equating (2) & (3)
𝑉1 𝑃2
=
𝑉2 𝑃1

𝑉1 𝑃2
=
𝑉2 𝑃1
P1 V1 = P2 V2
dW = Cv dT
Integration will give
W =Cv (T2 – T1)

𝑅
As Cv =
−1
𝑅 𝑃1 𝑉 1 𝑃2 𝑉 2
W= (T – T1) T1 = & T2 =
−1 2 𝑅 𝑅

𝑅 𝑃 2𝑉 2 𝑃 1𝑉 1
W= ( - )
−1 𝑅 𝑅
1
W= (𝑃2𝑉2 - 𝑃1𝑉1) …………… (4)
−1
V2 usually not known. We can find it from the following equation
P1 V1 = P2 V2
P V  P V 
V2 = 1 1
or V2 = ( 1 1
) 1/γ
P2 P2

Substituting V2 in equation (4)

1 P1 V1 1/γ
W= [𝑃2( ) - 𝑃1𝑉1 ]
−1 P2
𝑃1𝑉1 P2
W= [( P )(γ − 1)/γ- 1]
−1 1
𝑅𝑇1 P2
W= [( ) (γ − 1)/γ- 1]
−1 P1
For monoatomic gases  = 1.67
For diatomic gases  = 1.4
For polyatomic gases = 1.3
One mole of an ideal gas with CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R expands from P1 = 8
bar and T1 = 600 K to P2 = 1 bar by each of the following paths:
(a) Constant volume;
(b) Constant temperature;
(c) Adiabatically.
Assuming mechanical reversibility, calculate W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH for each
process.
One mole of an ideal gas with CP = (5/2)R and CV = (3/2)R expands from P1
= 6 bar and T1 = 800 K to P2 = 1 bar by each of the following paths:
(a) Constant volume
(b) Constant temperature
(c) Adiabatically
Assuming mechanical reversibility, calculate W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH for each
process.
One mole of air, initially at 150°C and 8 bar, undergoes the following
mechanically reversible changes. It expands isothermally to a pressure such
that when it is cooled at constant volume to 50°C its final pressure is 3 bar.
Assuming air is an ideal gas for which CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R, calculate
W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH.
One mole of an ideal gas, initially at 30°C and 1 bar, is changed to 130°C
and 10 bar by three different mechanically reversible processes:

1. The gas is first heated at constant volume until its temperature is

130°C; then it is compressed isothermally until its pressure is 10
bar.
2. The gas is first heated at constant pressure until its temperature is
130°C; then it is compressed isothermally to 10 bar.
3. The gas is first compressed isothermally to 10 bar; then it is heated
at constant pressure to 130°C.
Calculate Q, W, ΔU, and ΔH in each case. Take CP = (7/2)R and CV =
(5/2)R. Alternatively, take CP = (5/2)R and CV = (3/2)R.