Design & Control of Excitation

System for Sync Generator

Mid Project Presentation
Group Members

■ Abdullah Sajid 15-EE-009

■ Khurram Shehzad 15-EE-013
■ M. Raheel Tariq 15-EE-017
■ Ahmad Hamad 15-EE-109

Project Supervisor
Sir Rehan Sadiq
Project Objectives

1. Our main objective is to design and implement an excitation system for 1 KVA, 50Hz,
380V, 3- phase synchronous generator.
2. Another objective is to use power devices for implementation of an exciter.
3. As we need DC voltages for our exciter’s input. We also have to design a rectifier (input
to rectifier is terminal voltages of the generator).
4. As AVR is controlled by microcontroller so we have to calculate parameters for the
proper operation of microcontroller.
5. We also have to design and implement buck converter.
6. To protect our field winding we also have to design protection system for our system.
Purpose

■ Static exciter allows for faster transient response to system changes.

■ The AVR ensures that the terminal voltage being supplied to a load was equal to the
reference voltage specified by a user.
■ Regulating the voltage at specified value prevents damage to the attached load and may
reduce reactive power losses.
Synchronous Generator Excitation
System
■ The main function of the excitation system is to provide DC current to the field winding
of the synchronous generator. The excitation system regulates the generator output.

Figure 1 : The per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator

General Block Diagram

Figure.2: Block Diagram of overall design

Different types of excitation systems
■ Excitation systems can be classified into three types: DC excitation systems, AC
excitation systems, and static excitation systems.
• DC excitation system:
DC exciter uses a dc generator as a source of power and provides current to the rotor
through slip rings. The shaft of the main generator or a motor may be used to drive the
exciter. This exciter is either self-excited or separately excited.
• AC excitation system
AC exciter uses an AC machine as a source of power. The AC output is rectified to
produce DC current for the field winding. This exciter is consisting of two different
types of rectifiers; stationary and rotating. There are two types of AC excitation systems:
Stationary AC and Brushless AC excitation system.
• Static excitation system
The static exciter uses power electronic devices to rectifier the main generators voltage
and feeds it back to the field winding. Static exciter has fastest transient response
compared to other excitation system.
Work Division

■ Software Part
■ Hardware Part
SIMULINK & MULTISIM
Simulations
Software Part
Simulink Model

Figure.3: Simulink Model with PID Tuner

Simulation Results

Figure.4: Simulation Results

Multisim Model & Results

Figure.5: Multisim Simulation Model

BUCK CONVERTER
Derivations & Calculations
Design Considerations
Buck Circuit Diagram and Waveforms
Circuit Diagram Waveforms
Switching w.r.t time

■ ON Switch
By applying KVL
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑜
∆𝐼
∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑡1
∆𝐼
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑡1
𝑡1 ( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
∆𝐼 = … (𝑖)
𝐿
∆𝐼 𝐿
𝑡1 =
( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
Switching w.r.t time
■ OFF SWITCH
By applying KVL
0 = −𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑜
∆𝐼
∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑡2
∆𝐼
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑡2
𝑡2 ( 𝑉𝑜 )
∆𝐼 = … (𝑖𝑖)
𝐿
∆𝐼 𝐿
𝑡2 =
(𝑉𝑜 )
Duty Cycle
Comparing eq (i) and (ii)
𝑡1 ( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
∆𝐼 = … (𝑖)
𝐿
𝑡 (𝑉 )
∆𝐼 = 2 𝑜 … (𝑖𝑖)
𝐿
𝑡2 ( 𝑉𝑜 ) 𝑡1 ( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
=
𝐿 𝐿
𝑡2 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑡1 ( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑉𝑜 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 𝑡1 𝑉𝑠
𝑡1 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑲𝑽𝑺
𝑉𝑜 𝑡1
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾 = =
𝑉𝑠 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
Peak-Peak Ripple Current
By taking the equations of "𝑡1 " and "𝑡2 “
∆𝐼 𝐿
𝑡1 =
( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 )
∆𝐼 𝐿
𝑡2 =
(𝑉𝑜 )
𝑇 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
1 ∆𝐼 𝐿 ∆𝐼 𝐿
= +
𝑓 ( 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 ) (𝑉𝑜 )
1 1 1
= ∆𝐼 𝐿 +
𝑓 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠 𝐾 ( 1 − 𝐾)
∆𝐼 =
𝑓𝐿
𝑽𝒔 𝑲 ( 𝟏 − 𝑲)
𝑳=
𝒇∆𝑰
Peak-Peak Ripple Voltages
∆𝑄 = 𝐶 (∆𝑉𝑐 )
∆𝑄
∆𝑉𝑐 =
𝐶
1 𝑇 ∆𝐼
∴ ∆𝑄 = … 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
2 2 2
∆𝐼 𝑇
∴ ∆𝑄 =
8
∆𝐼 𝑇
∆𝑉𝑐 =
8𝐶
∆𝐼
∆𝑉𝑐 =
8𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑠 𝐾 ( 1 − 𝐾)
∴ ∆𝐼 =
𝑓𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝐾 ( 1 − 𝐾)
∆𝑉𝑐 =
8𝑓 2 𝐿𝐶
𝑽𝒔 𝑲 ( 𝟏 − 𝑲)
𝑪=
𝟖𝒇𝟐 𝑳∆𝑽𝒄
Critical Value of Inductor (L)
By minimum inductor current equation
∆𝐼
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐿 −
2
𝑖𝑓 𝐼1 = 0
∆𝐼
0 = 𝐼𝐿 −
2
𝑉𝑜 ∆𝐼
0= −
𝑅 2
𝑉𝑜 𝑡2
∴ ∆𝐼 =
𝐿
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑡2
0= −
𝑅 2𝐿
∴ 𝑡2 = 1 − 𝐾 𝑇
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐾 𝑇
=
𝑅 2𝐿
1 − 𝐾 𝑅𝑇
𝐿𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
2
𝟏−𝑲 𝑹
𝑳𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 =
𝟐𝒇
Critical Value of Capacitance ( C )

∆𝑉𝑐 = 2𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠 𝐾 ( 1 − 𝐾)
= 2 ( 𝐾𝑉𝑠 )
8𝑓 2 𝐿𝐶
( 1 − 𝐾)
2
=2
8𝑓 𝐿𝐶
( 𝟏 − 𝑲)
𝑪𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 =
𝟏𝟔𝒇𝟐 𝑳
Switching Frequency Selection

■ We selected 15kHz switching frequency for our Buck Converter keeping in mind that for
higher frequency we will need smaller inductor and for lower frequency we will need
larger inductor as it can be noted in Inductor value calculation formula
𝑽𝒔 𝑲 ( 𝟏 − 𝑲)
𝑳=
𝒇∆𝑰
Inductor & Capacitor Values

■ By using above derived formulas we calculated values of inductor and capacitor for our
Buck converter which are as follows:
■ We supposed to be ∆𝑰=0.2A.
■ L(critical)=15mH
■ C(critical)=12.4nF
■ Obviously, these values are critical values and we should atleast use these values. But
the selected values are greater keeping ∆𝑽𝒄 & ∆𝑰 in mind and minimum.
■ L=100uH
■ C=560uF
Tests Performed on Hardware
■ Following test were performed to calculate parameters of synchronous generator:
■ Open Circuit Test
■ Short Circuit Test
■ DC Test for Armature Winding
■ DC Test for Field Winding
Open Circuit Test Results

Field Current (A) Phase Voltages (V) Field Voltages (V)

0 0 0
0.11 123 26.3
0.13 134 31.8
0.15 149 36.7
0.18 167 43.5
0.20 182 48.5
0.23 200 55.1
0.25 214 60.8
0.28 228 67.6
0.30 238 71.4
Figure.6: Open Circuit Characteristic Curve of Sync Generator
Short Circuit Test Results

Field Current (A) Armature Current (A) Field Voltages (V)

0 0 0
0.11 0.08 26.2
0.13 0.09 31.8
0.15 0.11 36.5
0.18 0.13 43.9
0.20 0.14 49.5
0.23 0.16 55.9
0.25 0.17 61.9
0.28 0.19 67.0
0.30 0.20 73.1
Figure.7: Short Circuit Characteristic Curve of Sync Generator
DC Test for Armature Winding Results
L1 & L2 L1 & L3 L2 & L3

Current Voltages Resistance Voltages Resistance Voltages Resistance

(A) (V) (Ω) (V) (Ω) (V) (Ω)
0.1 19.8 198 20.4 204 19.9 199

0.2 39.6 198 39.5 197.5 39.4 197

0.3 58.3 194.33 59.9 199.67 59.0 196.67

Phases Average Resistance (Ω)

L1 & L2 196.78
L1 & L3 200.39
L2 & L3 197.56
Total Average Resistance
196.78+200.39+197.56
R(avg) =
3

R(avg) = 198.24 Ω
Generator is Y connected So
1
R = × 198.24
2

Armature Resistance = 99.12 Ω

DC Test for Field Winding Results

Current (A) Voltages (V) Resistance (Ω)

0.1 26.8 268
0.2 52.3 261.5
0.3 76.2 254
268+261.5+254
■ R(avg) =
3

■ Field Resistance = 261.167 Ω