Semiconductor Devices and Circuits

Lecture 39-41

By Garima Kapur
 Contents
• Oscillators
• Criterion for Oscillations
• Phase Shift Oscillator
• Wein Bridge Oscillator
 Oscillators
Oscillators are circuits that produce a continuous signal of some type without the need
of an input.

These signals serve a variety of purposes such as communications systems, digital

systems (including computers), and test equipment

An oscillator is a circuit that produces a repetitive signal from a dc voltage.

The feedback oscillator relies on a positive feedback of the output to maintain the
oscillations.
 Oscillators
For the case of positive feedback
′
𝑥𝑖 =𝑥 𝑠 − 𝑥 𝑓
𝑥 𝑜= 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖
′
𝑥 𝑓 =− 𝐴 𝛽 𝑥𝑖
𝐴
𝐴𝑓 =
1− 𝛽 𝐴

𝐴( 𝑠) 𝐴( 𝑗𝜔)
For frequency 𝐴 𝑓 ( 𝑠) = =
1 − 𝛽 ( 𝑠 ) 𝐴 ( 𝑠 ) 1− 𝛽 ( 𝑗 𝜔 ) 𝐴 ( 𝑗 𝜔 )

For Then,

i.e. circuit will have finite output () for zero input ()

 Oscillators

′
𝑥 𝑓 =− 𝑥 𝑓 =− 𝛽 𝑥 𝑜

𝑥 𝑜= 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖
′
𝑥 𝑓 =− 𝐴 𝛽 𝑥𝑖

′
𝑥𝑓
Loop gain =− 𝐴 𝛽
𝑥𝑖
For the case of oscillations, , i.e. no external I/P is applied
 Criterion of Oscillation
Barkhausen Criterion

equal to unity or slightly larger at the desired oscillation frequency.

Total phase shift, of the loop gain must be or .

Phase shift oscillators

𝑅 𝑅
𝑣𝑜= =
1 𝑗
𝑅+ 𝑅−
𝑗 𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶

1
𝑣𝑜=
𝑗
1−
𝜔 𝐶𝑅

Then,

∠ 𝜙=tan −1
( )
𝑋𝑐
𝑅
Phase shift oscillators

Now, for 3-step RC circuit

′
𝑉𝑓 1
− 𝛽=− =
𝑉 𝑜 1 −5 𝛼2 − 𝑗 ( 6 𝛼 −𝛼 3 )

Where,

Then, for phase shift

For that,

And,
 Phase shift oscillators
, hence
𝑉1 𝑉 and in terms of
2
𝑉2
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3 𝑉 2=𝑉 𝑜 +(− 𝑗 𝐼 3 𝑋 𝑐 ) 𝐼 2= +𝐼3
𝑅

[
𝑉 2=𝑉 𝑜 1+
1
𝑗 𝜔 𝑅𝐶 ] For, 𝐼 2=
𝑉𝑜
𝑅
𝑉𝑜
[ 1 − 𝑗 𝛼 ]+
𝑉𝑜
𝑅
𝑉 2=𝑉 𝑜 [ 1− 𝑗 𝛼 ] 𝐼 2= [2 − 𝑗 𝛼 ]
𝑅
and in terms of
𝑉1
𝑉 1=𝑉 2 +(− 𝑗 𝐼 2 𝑋 𝑐 ) 𝐼 1= +𝐼2
𝑅
𝑉 1=𝑉 𝑜 [1− 𝑗𝛼 ]− 𝑗 𝑉 𝑜 𝛼 [2− 𝑗 𝛼]¿ 𝑉𝑜 2
𝐼 1= [ 1 −3 𝑗 𝛼 − 𝛼 +2 − 𝑗 𝛼 ]
𝑅
𝑉 1=𝑉 𝑜 ¿ ¿ 𝑉
𝐼 1= 𝑜 [ 3 − 4 𝑗 𝛼 − 𝛼2 ]
𝑅
 Phase shift oscillators
, hence
𝑉1 𝑉 in terms of
2

𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3 𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 1 +(− 𝐼 1 𝑗 𝑋 𝑐 )
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑜 [ ( 1− 3 𝑗 𝛼 −𝛼 2 ) − 𝑗 𝛼 (3 − 4 𝑗 𝛼 − 𝛼2 )]

𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑜 ¿¿

𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑜 ¿¿
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑜 ¿¿

𝑉 𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑜 [1 −5 𝛼 2 − 𝑗 (6 𝛼 −𝛼 3)]
𝑉𝑜 1
=
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 1 −5 𝛼 2 − 𝑗 ( 6 𝛼 − 𝛼3 )
Wein Bridge Oscillator
 Wein Bridge Oscillator
𝑍2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑖𝑛
𝑍1 + 𝑍 2
𝑅2
𝑍 2=𝑅 2∨¿(1/ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 2)
¿
1+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 2

𝑍 1 =𝑅1 +(1/ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 1)
𝑅2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
Then, =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑅2
𝑅1 + +
𝑗 𝜔 𝐶1 1+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 2 𝑅 2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗 𝜔 𝑅 2 𝐶1
=
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 1− 𝜔 2 𝑅 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 1 𝐶 2 + 𝑗 𝜔 ( 𝑅1 𝐶 1+ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 + 𝑅2 𝐶 1 ) For,
And,
1
For phase shift Then, 𝜔= 1
√ 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶 1 𝐶 2 𝑓=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
Wein Bridge Oscillator
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗 𝜔 𝑅 2 𝐶1
=
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 1− 𝜔 2 𝑅 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 1 𝐶 2 + 𝑗 𝜔 ( 𝑅1 𝐶 1+ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 + 𝑅2 𝐶 1 )

For, , at

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗 𝜔 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 1
= ¿ = =− 𝛽
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑗 𝜔 ( 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶 ) 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶 3

Now, , so
And,

comparing
𝑅4 𝑅1 𝐶1 + 𝑅2 𝐶 2+ 𝑅2 𝐶 1
1+ =
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝐶 1
Wein Bridge Oscillator
𝑅4 𝑅1 𝐶1 + 𝑅2 𝐶 2+ 𝑅2 𝐶 1
1+ =
𝑅3 𝑅2 𝐶 1

𝑅4 𝑅1 𝐶 2
= + Condition for keeping
𝑅3 𝑅 2 𝐶 1
Thank You