Homework-Measuring Displacement

Question 1
Q1a) Design a Wheatstone bridge which is balanced when 𝑥 = 0.6𝑑 and ε=εrε0.
First, we calculate 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 :
𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 5𝜀𝐴
𝐶1 = 𝑑 = 𝑑−0.6𝑑=0.4𝑑 =
1 2𝑑

𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 5𝜀𝐴
𝐶2 = 𝑑 = 𝑑+0.6𝑑=1.6𝑑 =
2 8𝑑

5𝜀𝐴 5𝜀𝐴 𝑪
- When 𝑥 = 0.6𝑑, we have 𝐶1 = and 𝐶2 = Or 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒
2𝑑 8𝑑 𝟐

- Impedance of each capacitor is expressed by:

1 1 1 1
𝑍1 = ; 𝑍2 = ; 𝑍3 = ; 𝑍4 =
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑗𝜔𝐶3 𝑗𝜔𝐶4
- Using the Wheatstone Bridge formula where the resistance R is replaced by the
impedance Z, we have:
1 1
𝑍2 𝑍4 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑗𝜔𝐶4
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑆 ( ) − 𝑉𝑆 ( ) = 𝑉𝑆 ( − )
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑍3 + 𝑍4 1 1 1 1
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑗𝜔𝐶3 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶4
𝐶1 𝐶3
= 𝑉𝑆 ( − )
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶4
𝐶1 𝐶3
- The Bridge circuit gives a reading of 𝑉𝑜 = 0 when 𝐶 +𝐶 = 𝐶 +𝐶
1 2 3 4

𝐶1 /𝐶1 𝐶3 /𝐶3 𝑪 𝑪
Or =𝐶 →→→→𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟑
𝐶1 /𝐶1 +𝐶2 /𝐶1 3 /𝐶3 +𝐶4 /𝐶3 𝟐 𝟒

𝑪 𝑪
- At 𝑥 = 0.6𝑑, we have 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒 = 𝑪𝟑
𝟐 𝟒

- We also have d = 0.001m, 𝜀 =8.85 × 10−12 F/m, A = 10-6 m2

→ 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓 × 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )/𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟓pF
 𝑪𝟏
→ 𝑪𝟐 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 pF
𝟒

- Now we have the values of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 , the next steps are to determine the value of
𝐶3 and 𝐶4 . It makes sense if we can select 𝐶1 ≈ 𝐶3 . It is noted that the smallest
standard capacitor is 1pF then if we use 𝐶4 = 1pF, then 𝐶3 = 4𝐶4 = 4pF or always
𝑪
the ratio of 𝑪𝟑 = 𝟒
𝟒

Q1b) We have
𝜀𝐴
𝐶1 𝐶3 𝑑1 1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑆 ( − ) = 𝑉𝑆 ( − )
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 1 + 𝐶4 /𝐶3
+
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝜀𝐴
𝑑−𝑥 1 𝑑+𝑥 1
= 𝑉𝑆 ( − ) = 𝑉𝑆 ( − )
𝜀𝐴 𝜀𝐴 1 + 𝐶4 /𝐶3 2𝑑 1 + 𝐶4 /𝐶3
+
𝑑−𝑥 𝑑+𝑥
𝑪
Based on the above design of capacitance, we achieve 𝑪𝟑 = 𝟒 . Then the output voltage is:
𝟒

𝑥 1 1 𝑥 3
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑆 ( + − ) = 𝑉𝑆 ( − )
2𝑑 2 1 + 1/4 2𝑑 10

Question 2

➢ All we have access to is the A, B, C, D. We need to map the A, B, C, D into p, t, q, r.

➢ First, remember that the internal resistance of a voltage source driving the bridge
network is 0. Hence the circuit equivalent of the above bridge when the source is applied
to desired terminals:

➢ Equivalent resistance between terminals pq, pr, pt, qr, qt, rt

Real terminals Equivalent resistance
1 1 1
pt = 𝑅+𝑅+𝑅+𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅−𝑑𝑅
𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑡
1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑡 =
1 1
+
3𝑅 + 𝑑𝑅 𝑅 − 𝑑𝑅
1 1 1
pr = 𝑅+𝑅+𝑑𝑅+𝑅−𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑟
3𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑟 =
4
1 1 1
tq = 𝑅+𝑅+𝑅−𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅+𝑑𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑡𝑞
1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑡𝑞 =
1 1
+
3𝑅 − 𝑑𝑅 𝑅 + 𝑑𝑅
1 1 1
rq = 𝑅+𝑅−𝑑𝑅+𝑅+𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑞
3𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑞 =
4
1 1 1
pq = 𝑅−𝑑𝑅+𝑅+𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅+𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑞
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑅
1 1 1
rt = 𝑅+𝑅−𝑑𝑅+ 𝑅+𝑅+𝑑𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑡
𝑑𝑅 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑡 = 𝑅 −
4𝑅
➢ Equivalent resistance between terminals pq, pr, pt, qr, qt, rt with the gauges unstrained
(dR=0) and 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 :

➢ Use the multimeter to measure resistance between every pair of A, B, C, D. The result
will show that any two pairs will have unstrained resistance R→ they are either pq or rt.
➢ To find exactly which one is pq or rt, now we can strain the sensor to induce a change in
dR. Base on the above Wheatstone, we have:
1 1 1 4𝑅 dR2
= 2𝑅+dR+ 2𝑅−dR=4𝑅2−dR2 → 𝑅𝑟𝑡 = 𝑅 − <𝑅
𝑅𝑟𝑡 4𝑅
Then if which pair have a decrease in resistance→ connect this to the amplifier or this is rt. The
other where resistance will unchanged. This is pq and then connect this terminal to the power
source.
➢ Polarity
R=100, dR=10, Ad=1, Vs=10, Vo=0.5. It means that Vt>Vr, then positive terminal should
be t and negative should be r. The current connection is correct.
    Question 1  
Partially correct

Mark 2.00 out of 5.00

Started on Sunday, 19 February 2023, 1:40 PM

You wish to measure small displacements using a differential capacitor circuit; a schematic diagram of
State Finished
the physical sensor is shown below. When the centre capacitor plate moves, it increases the distance
Completed on Sunday, 19 February 2023, 2:10 PM
between the plates of one capacitor and decreases the distance between the plates of the other
Time taken 29 mins 51 secs
capacitor by the same amount.
Grade 3.00 out of 10.00 (30%)

Figure 1. Diagram of a differential capacitor.

The capacitance of each capacitor, when the displacement, 𝑥 , of the centre plate is zero, is given by the expression:
𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝐴
𝐶= 𝑑 ,
where d = 0.001 m is the distance between the plates when the displacement of the centre plate is zero,
𝐴 = 4𝑚2 is the area of overlap of the plates and 𝑒𝑝 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 = 8.85𝑒 − 12 F/m.
(a) We will walk through the design of a Wheatstone bridge circuit to measure the displacement of the centre plate of
the capacitor, such that the bridge circuit gives a reading of zero volts when the displacement of the centre plate is
𝑥 = 12 𝑑 (where positive 𝑥 means that the central plate has moved towards the top plate of 𝐶1 ). Ensure to list the
values of all circuit elements used in your design.
𝑒𝑝∗𝑑
i. First, calculate 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 for 𝑥 1
𝑑 in terms of 𝑒𝑝, 𝐴 , and 𝑑 . For example, to input
= 2 𝐴 , you type in (ep * d) /
A.

𝐶1 = (ep*A)/(d/2) [0.5 mark]

ep⋅𝐴
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑑
2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐴, 𝑑, ep]


𝐶2 = (ep*A)/(3*d/2) [0.5 mark]

ep⋅𝐴
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 3⋅𝑑
2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐴, 𝑑, ep]

ii. Second, let us solve for 𝑉 𝑜 in terms of the source voltage 𝑣𝑠 , and capacitor values 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , and
𝐶4 . To input 𝑉𝑠 and 𝐶1 , you should type in V_s and C_1 respectively.
   Question 2  
Partially correct

Mark 1.00 out of 5.00

Figure 2 shows a Wheatstone bridge transducer arrangement, with two active arms. The resistors on the
right arm of the bridge represent the resistances of two strain gauge transducers, which have been
arranged to measure the flexion of a small rod. The strain gauge resistance changes (increases or
decreases, depending on whether it is on the side of the rod being stretched or the side being
compressed) by 𝑑𝑅, proportional to the amount by which the rod is flexed.

A researcher using this Wheatstone bridge-based bend sensor has lost the user guide. The researcher
knows that the circuit inside the black box of her sensor is the bridge circuit with terminals p, q, r and t,
as shown in Figure 2, but she only has access to four terminals on the black box and they are labeled A,
B, C and D. She is unsure how A, B, C and D on the black box, relate to the four terminals of the bridge p,
𝑉𝑜 = (C_1*V_s)/(C_1+C_2)-(C_3*V_ [1 mark] q, r and t and therefore doesn’t know how she should connect the power supply and amplifier. Assuming
that the nominal resistance (that is, the resistance when there is no bending) of each arm of the
𝐶 ⋅𝑉 𝐶 ⋅𝑉
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝐶 1+𝐶𝑠 − 𝐶33+𝐶𝑠4 Wheatstone bridge is identical, using only a multimeter (to measure resistance between any two
1 2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝑉𝑠 ] terminals, with the bridge disconnected from the power supply and amplifier) and the terminals of the
black box (A, B, C and D), how would you determine how to connect the power supply and amplifier?
iii. If we want to get 𝑉𝑜 = 0 at 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 ? Express your
1
2
, what should be the ratio between
answer in fractions.
𝐶3
𝐶4 = 1/2 [1 mark]

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 12

(b) Given your design choices, derive an expression for the output voltage of your bridge circuit in terms of the
displacement of the centre plate, 𝑥 , 𝑑 , and voltage source 𝑉𝑠 . Note that you type in 𝑉𝑠 as V_s.

𝑉0 = [2 marks]

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Incorrect answer. Figure 2: Wheatstone bridge with two active arms in a double push-pull configuration.

(a) Let us first list down all possible 𝑅 values for every possible combination of points we measure with
(a.iii) is incorrect.
our multimeter. Assume there is bending that causes resistance change of 𝑑𝑅. Express answer in terms
2𝑅
2⋅𝐴⋅ep of 𝑅 and 𝑑𝑅. For example, to answer 3 , you type in 2*R/3. [2 marks total]
A correct answer is 𝑑 , which can be typed in as follows:
𝑝, 𝑡: R-dR
(2*A*ep)/d
2⋅𝐴⋅ep Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑅 − dR
A correct answer is 3⋅𝑑
, which can be typed in as follows:
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅, dR]
(2*A*ep)/(3*d)
𝐶1 𝐶 : R
A correct answer is ( 𝐶 +𝐶
2 1
− 𝐶4 +3𝐶3 ) ⋅ 𝑉𝑠 , which can be typed in as follows:
(C_1/(C_2+C_1)-C_3/(C_4+C_3))*V_s Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑅

A correct answer is 3 , which can be typed in as follows: The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅]

3 : R+dR
A correct answer is 𝑉𝑠 ⋅ ( 2⋅𝑥𝑑 − 1
, which can be typed in as follows:
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑅
4)
+ dR
V_s*(x/(2*d)-1/4)
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅, dR]

: R

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑅

 The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅] Your answer should be a set, but is not. Note that the syntax to enter a set is to enclose the comma
   
separated values with curly brackets.
: 2*R+dR
(b-i) is incorrect.
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2 ⋅ 𝑅 + dR Incorrect answer.
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅, dR] Your answer should be a set, but is not. Note that the syntax to enter a set is to enclose the comma
separated values with curly brackets.
: 2*R
(b-ii) is incorrect.
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2 ⋅𝑅 Correct answer, well done.
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑅]

(b) Taking into account the knowledge we gained from (a), you can now identify the terminals of interest! Correct answer, well done.
Identity the corresponding terminals from . If the answer is more than one point, put
parenthesis around (e.g., if the answer is and , you type in {p, t}. 1
A correct answer is 1 1
, which can be typed in as follows:
dR+3⋅𝑅
+ 𝑅−dR
i. If the unidentified terminal has resistance during both bending and no bending, what are the
1/(1/(dR+3*R)+1/(R-dR))
corresponding actual terminals? [p,r] [1 mark]
3⋅𝑅
A correct answer is 4 , which can be typed in as follows:
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: [𝑝, 𝑟]
(3*R)/4
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑝, 𝑟] 1
A correct answer is 1 1
, which can be typed in as follows:
+ 3⋅𝑅−dR
ii. If the unidentified terminal has resistance during no bending and changes during bending, dR+𝑅

what are the corresponding actual terminals? [r,q] [1 mark] 1/(1/(dR+R)+1/(3*R-dR))

3⋅𝑅
A correct answer is 4 , which can be typed in as follows:
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: [𝑟, 𝑞]
(3*R)/4
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑞, 𝑟]
A correct answer is 𝑅, which can be typed in as follows:
iii. Suppose you finally connected to the power supply and to the amplifier. If resistance
, , amplifier gain , voltage source , and output voltage , which R

A correct answer is 𝑅
2
point is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the amplifier. [1 mark total] − dR
4⋅𝑅 , which can be typed in as follows:
Positive terminal (+): t R-dR^2/(4*R)

A correct answer is {𝑝, 𝑞} , which can be typed in as follows:

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑡

The variables found in your answer were: [𝑡]

{p,q}

A correct answer is {𝑟, 𝑡}, which can be typed in as follows:

Negative terminal (-): r
{r,t}
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑟
A correct answer is 𝑡 , which can be typed in as follows:
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑟]
t

A correct answer is 𝑟, which can be typed in as follows:

r
Incorrect answer.

(a) 𝑝, 𝑡 is incorrect.

Incorrect answer. Previous Activity

(a) 𝑝, 𝑟 is incorrect.
Jump to...
Incorrect answer.
Next Activity
(a) 𝑡, 𝑞 is incorrect.

Incorrect answer.

(a) 𝑟, 𝑞 is incorrect.

Incorrect answer.

(a) 𝑝, 𝑞 is incorrect.

Incorrect answer.

(a) 𝑟, 𝑡 is incorrect.

Incorrect answer.
    Question 2  
Correct

Mark 3.00 out of 3.00

Started on Tuesday, 21 February 2023, 12:06 PM

The Fick method is a technique for estimating cardiac output (volume of blood ejected from the
State Finished
heart every minute). Derive an expression for cardiac output in terms of the blood oxygen
Completed on Wednesday, 22 February 2023, 4:01 PM
concentration (litres of gas per litre of blood) in the arterial system, 𝑐𝑎 , the blood oxygen
Time taken 1 day 3 hours
concentration of the venous system, 𝑐𝑣 , and the rate of oxygen consumption, 𝛽 (litres/minute).
Grade 6.50 out of 10.00 (65%)
(a) First, let us solve volume 𝑉 for a generic case. Answer in terms of initial oxygen concentration

Question 1 𝛽0 , additional oxygen concentration 𝛽 , volume 𝑉 , concentrations 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 . To input 𝑐1 , 𝛽0 , type in

c_1 and beta_0. [1.5 marks total]
Partially correct

Mark 0.50 out of 2.00 Concentration before 𝑐1 = beta_0/V

𝛽0
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑉
The Fick method is a technique for estimating cardiac output (volume of blood ejected from the
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑉 , 𝛽0 ]
heart every minute). Describe the principle of operation of this technique
Correct answer, well done.
The concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling the 2
venous blood. 𝐶𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 Concentration after 𝑐2 = (beta_0+beta)/V

β L/min of oxygen is then added to the blood as it passes through the lungs. β is 𝛽0 +𝛽
3 Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑉
estimated using a gas analysis machine to measure O2 difference between
inhaled and exhaled air.  The variables found in your answer were: [𝑉 , 𝛽, 𝛽0 ]

The concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling the 1 Correct answer, well done.
arterial blood. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

Knowing the difference in concentrations and the amount of oxygen added, the 4 Volume 𝑉 = (beta)/(c_2-c_1)
volume of blood (per minute) which it is added to can be estimated.
 𝛽
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐 −𝑐
2 1

The variables found in your answer were: [𝛽, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ]

Your answer is partially correct.
Correct answer, well done.
You have correctly selected 1.
The correct answer is: The concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling (b) What is then the cardiac output? To input 𝑐𝑎 and 𝑐𝑣 , type in c_a and c_v. [0.5 mark]
the venous blood. 𝐶𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
 → 1, β L/min of oxygen is then added to the blood as it passes through the lungs. β is estimated CO = beta/(c_a-c_v)

using a gas analysis machine to measure O2 difference between inhaled and exhaled air. → 2, The 𝛽
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐 −𝑐
concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling the arterial blood. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎 𝑣

→ 3, Knowing the difference in concentrations and the amount of oxygen added, the volume of The variables found in your answer were: [𝛽, 𝑐𝑎, 𝑐𝑣 ]
blood (per minute) which it is added to can be estimated. → 4
Correct answer, well done.

(c) For a particular patient, if the oxygen concentration in venous blood sampled from the
pulmonary artery is 0.15 litres of O2 per litre blood, the oxygen concentration of arterial blood
sampled from a peripheral artery is 0.22 litres of O2 per litre of blood, and the oxygen consumption
rate as measured by a spirometer is 0.4 litres/min, calculate cardiac output in litres/minute.
Answer in at least two decimal places. [1 mark]

CO = 5.71 litres/minute

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 5.71

Correct answer, well done.

   Question 3  
𝛽0 Partially correct
A correct answer is 𝑉 , which can be typed in as follows:
Mark 3.00 out of 5.00
beta_0/V
𝛽0 +𝛽
A correct answer is 𝑉 , which can be typed in as follows:
The goal is to derive an expression for the velocity of blood flow, 𝑢 , measured using a continuous
wave Doppler ultrasound probe. 𝑐 is the velocity of ultrasound in blood and the ultrasound beam is
(beta_0+beta)/V
𝛽 directed at an angle of 𝜃 to the wall of the vessel (𝜃 = 0∘ would mean parallel to the vessel wall).
A correct answer is 𝑐 −𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:
Note that the observed frequency, 𝑓1 , for the Doppler shift is given by:
2 1

beta/(c_2-c_1)
𝛽 𝑓1 = ( 𝑐𝑐+−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑓0,
A correct answer is 𝑐 −𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:
𝑎 𝑣
where, 𝑓0 is the transmission frequency, 𝑣𝑜 is the speed of the observer (towards the source) and
beta/(c_a-c_v)
𝑣𝑠 is the speed of the source (towards the observer).
A correct answer is 5.71, which can be typed in as follows:
5.71

(a) First, we solve for the first shift in frequency observed by the cell if the source is moving
towards it, and the cell is stationary. Solve for 𝐴 in 𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
= 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 in terms of 𝑐, 𝑢, and 𝜃 . To input
𝜃 and the cos(𝜃), type in theta and cos(theta). [0.5 mark]
𝐴= (c+0)/(c-u*cos(theta))

𝑐+0
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐−𝑢⋅cos(𝜃)

The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, 𝜃, 𝑢]

(b) Second, we solve for the second shift in frequency observed by the receiver moving towards
the cell (the source of the reflected wave), and the cell is still stationary. Solve for 𝐵 in
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝐵𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 in terms of 𝑐, 𝑢 , and 𝜃 . [0.5 mark]

𝐵= (c+u*cos(theta))/(c-0)

𝑐+𝑢⋅cos(𝜃)
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐+0
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, 𝜃, 𝑢]

(c) Third, we solve for the doppler shift (frequency difference between receive and transmit). Hint,
solve for 𝐶 in 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝐶 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠. Answer in terms of 𝑐, 𝑢, and 𝜃. To input 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠, type in f_t. [2 marks
total]

𝐶= ((c+v*cos(theta))/(c-0))*((c+0

𝑐+𝑣⋅cos(𝜃) 𝑐+0
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐+0 ⋅ ( 𝑐−𝑣⋅cos(𝜃) )
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, 𝜃, 𝑣]

Δ𝑓 = ((2*u*cos(theta))/(c-u*cos(the
2⋅𝑢⋅cos(𝜃)
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐−𝑢⋅cos(𝜃) ⋅ 𝑓𝑡
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, 𝑓𝑡 , 𝜃, 𝑢]
(d) If we assume velocity of blood flow, 𝑢 , to be much less than the speed of light, solve for the Previous Activity
   
approximated Δ𝑓 and 𝑢 . Answer in terms of 𝑐, 𝑢 , 𝜃 , Δ𝑓 , and 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠. To input Δ𝑓 and 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠, type
Jump to...
in df and f_t. [1 mark total]
Next Activity
Δ𝑓 = ((2*u*cos(theta))/c)*f_t
2⋅𝑢⋅cos(𝜃)
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡
The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, 𝑓𝑡 , 𝜃, 𝑢]

𝑢= (c*df)/(2*f_t*cos(theta))

𝑐⋅df
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2⋅𝑓 ⋅cos(𝜃)
𝑡

The variables found in your answer were: [𝑐, df, 𝑓𝑡 , 𝜃]

(e) If the transmission frequency is 5 MHz, the velocity of a cell is 0.25 m/s, the beam is directed
at an angle of 30 ∘ , and the velocity of ultrasound in this medium is 1500 m/s, calculate the
Doppler shift of the reflected ultrasound waveform using the approximated formula from (d).
Answer numerically with two decimal places. [1 mark]

Δ𝑓 = 51.96 Hz

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 51.96

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Incorrect answer.

(c) 𝐶 is incorrect.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Incorrect answer.

(e) is incorrect.

𝑐
A correct answer is 𝑐−cos( 𝜃)⋅𝑢 , which can be typed in as follows:
c/(c-cos(theta)*u)
cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢+𝑐
A correct answer is 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

(cos(theta)*u+c)/c
cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢+𝑐
A correct answer is 𝑐−cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢 , which can be typed in as follows:

(cos(theta)*u+c)/(c-cos(theta)*u)
2⋅𝑓𝑡 ⋅cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢
A correct answer is 𝑐−cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢 , which can be typed in as follows:

(2*f_t*cos(theta)*u)/(c-cos(theta)*u)
2⋅𝑓𝑡 ⋅cos(𝜃)⋅𝑢
A correct answer is 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

(2*f_t*cos(theta)*u)/c
𝑐⋅df
A correct answer is 2⋅𝑓 ⋅cos(𝜃) , which can be typed in as follows:
𝑡

(c*df)/(2*f_t*cos(theta))

A correct answer is 1443.38, which can be typed in as follows:

1443.38
Solution for Homework of Week 2_Measuring Flow

Q1) The Fick method is a technique for estimating cardiac output (volume of blood ejected from the
heart every minute). Describe the principle of operation of this technique.

➢ The concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling the venous blood.
Cvenous.
➢ β L/min of oxygen is then added to the blood as it passes through the lungs. This value, β, is
estimated using a gas analysis machine to measure O2 difference between inhaled and exhaled
air.
➢ The concentration of oxygen dissolved in blood is measured by sampling the arterial blood.
Carterial.
➢ Knowing the difference in concentrations and the amount of oxygen added, the volume of
blood (per minute) which it is added to can be estimated

Q2) Calculation of concentration and cardiac output

𝜷𝟎 𝜷𝟎 +𝜷
a) Concentration before: 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 = and 𝑪𝟐 = 𝑪𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 = . →→→The blood volume V
𝑽 𝑽
𝜷
is 𝑽 = 𝑪𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 −𝑪𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆

b) Note that 𝑪𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 = 𝑪𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆: Blood concentration before entering the lungs for re-
oxygenation.

And 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 : The blood concentration after leaving the lungs and after re-
oxygenation.
The value 𝜷 is measured with spirometer. Then the volume V is the volume of blood that has
passed through the lung (and the heart)
𝜷
Then The cardiac output: 𝑪𝑶 = (L/min)
𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 −𝑪𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔

c) Patient value: 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒; 𝑪𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 and 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓-→ CO=0.25/(0.22-

0.14)=3.125L/min

Q3)
𝒄+𝒗𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒄+𝟎 𝒄
a) First shift 𝒇𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = (𝒄−𝒗 ) 𝒇𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 = (𝒄−𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) 𝒇𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 . Then A=𝒄−𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅

𝒄+𝒗𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒄+𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄+𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

b) Second shift 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 = ( 𝒄−𝒗𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
) 𝒇𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍= ( 𝒄−𝟎 ) 𝒇𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 . Then B= 𝒄

𝑐+u𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐+u𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
c) ∆𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ( 𝑐−0
) 𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 - 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ( 𝑐−0 )
𝑐+0 2𝑢cos𝜃
(𝑐−u𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 - 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (𝑐− 𝑢cos𝜃) 𝑓𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 .

𝟐𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄∆𝒇
d) If u<<c→ ∆𝒇 ≈ ( 𝒄
) 𝒇𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 then 𝒖 ≈ 𝟐𝒇
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟐𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
e) ∆𝒇 ≈ ( 𝒄
) 𝒇𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 . If 𝒇𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟓𝑴𝑯𝒛; u=0.3m/s; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ; c=1500m/s

Then ∆𝒇 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟐𝑯𝒛
    Question 2  
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Started on Thursday, 2 March 2023, 5:35 PM

The units for current, charge, impedance, conductance and angular velocity are:
State Finished
Completed on Thursday, 2 March 2023, 5:45 PM
Select one:
Time taken 9 mins 41 secs
a. ampere, watt, ohm, siemens, metres per second
Marks 9.00/10.00
Grade 90.00 out of 100.00 b. coulomb, ampere, ohm, siemens, metres per second

Question 1 c. coulomb, ampere, ohm, siemens, radians per second

Correct
d. ampere, coulomb, ohm, siemens, radians per second 
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

e. ampere, coulomb, ohm, siemens, hertz

An electrical current:

Select one: The correct answer is: ampere, coulomb, ohm, siemens, radians per second

a. is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge 

b. must always flow in one direction Question 3

Correct
c. will decrease when more resistances are placed in parallel across an existing circuit
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
resistance (for a fixed voltage)

d. cannot flow in a capacitor

Electrical impedance:
e. can be calculated in an equivalent circuit by multiplying the potential difference by the total
resistance Select one:
a. can be comprised of a resistance and a reactance 

b. is defined as the ratio of current flow to applied voltage

The correct answer is: is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge
c. will increase with increased current flow (assuming the applied voltage is fixed)

 d. must always have a real component

e. none of the above

The correct answer is: can be comprised of a resistance and a reactance

Question 4   Question 6  
Incorrect Correct

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

The impedance of a capacitor: In impedance plethysmography it is advantageous to separate the stimulating and recording
electrodes because:
Select one:
a. is equal to (j / ωC) Select one:
a. it is simpler to design the electronics without the need for multiplexing the stimulator and
b. is comprised purely of a reluctance component 
recorder

c. has a real component of zero magnitude b. current density is more uniform 

d. increases with frequency c. lines of current can be made more curved at the recording electrodes to resolve smaller
volume changes
e. is frequency independent
d. there is a higher current density under the recording electrodes

e. none of the above

The correct answer is: has a real component of zero magnitude

Question 5 The correct answer is: current density is more uniform

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Question 7
Correct

For the shunting impedance of the blood (Zb) in an impedance plethysmography system – Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
consider the following statements below. Select which of these four statements are true:

Select one or more: A cardiac conductance catheter placed in the left ventricle needs to have a correction made for the

a. Zb increases with increasing blood resistivity  ‘offset’ or parallel conductance volume. This offset:

b. Zb decreases with increasing separation distance between recording electrodes Select one:

 a. is found from the point where the diastolic and systolic volumes are regressed and
c. the overall impedance decreases as blood volume in the measurement segment
extrapolated backwards to an intercept on the x-axis
increases

d. Zb is inversely proportional to the change in cross sectional area  b. arises from current spread through the walls of the atrium

c. can be ascertained in-situ by injection of a bolus of hypotonic saline

The correct answers are: Zb increases with increasing blood resistivity, Zb is inversely proportional d. is found from the point where the diastolic and systolic volumes are regressed and 
to the change in cross sectional area, the overall impedance decreases as blood volume in the extrapolated backwards to the line of identity
measurement segment increases
e. none of the above

The correct answer is: is found from the point where the diastolic and systolic volumes are
regressed and extrapolated backwards to the line of identity
Question 8   Question 10  
Correct Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Impedance cardiography:
Select one:
a. can be used to calculate cardiac output by dividing stroke volume by heart rate
b. can provide an accurate direct measure of ejection fraction
c. uses the ejection fraction in its stroke volume estimator
d. requires an estimate or measurement of blood resistivity
e. uses the minimum of the blood resistivity waveform in its stroke volume estimator
The correct answer is: requires an estimate or measurement of blood resistivity
Briefly research rate-responsive cardiac pacemakers and how electrical impedance
plethysmography has (or could) be used in such devices to adjust pacing rate to metabolic
demand. For example, look at ways of measuring ventilatory rate with a pacemaker device in situ.
Rate-responsive cardiac pacemakers are designed to adjust the
pacing rate based on the patient's metabolic demand. These
pacemakers typically use a variety of sensors to detect changes in
the patient's activity level or metabolic rate and adjust the pacing
 rate accordingly to maintain an appropriate heart rate. Using the
electrical impedance plethysmography technique involves passing
a small electrical current through the chest and measuring the
resulting changes in thoracic impedance, which are indicative of
changes in respiratory volume. By monitoring these changes in
respiratory volume, the pacemaker can adjust the pacing rate to
match the patient's metabolic demand.

Question 9
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

You needed to comment that respiratory rate and depth have correlations with metabolic demand.
A number of pacemaker companies have patented approaches to derive such indicators from their
The transthoracic electrical impedance signal: implanted devices by using electrical impedance plethysmography. They then use these measures
to adjust the rate of firing of the pacemaker.
Select one:
a. has a heart synchronous component of typically several ohms
Comment:
b. is comprised of a basal impedance of several kΩ

c. has a respiratory component approximately equal to the basal impedance Previous Activity

 Jump to...
d. reduces during systole
Next Activity
e. none of the above

The correct answer is: reduces during systole

    Question 2  
Partially correct

Mark 3.50 out of 6.00

Started on Tuesday, 14 March 2023, 5:53 PM

The resistance to fluid flow in a length of tubing of length 𝑑 , for a fluid with viscosity 𝜂 , and a radius 𝑟
State Finished
(Poiseuille’s Law, which describes rate of pressure loss along a tube) is,
Completed on Tuesday, 14 March 2023, 6:10 PM
8𝜂𝑑
Time taken 16 mins 33 secs 𝑅= 𝜋𝑟4
,
Grade 7.35 out of 10.00 (73.5%) and the inertance (which quantifies the inertia of fluid – the electrical equivalent is inductance) when the
fluid density is 𝜌 is given by,
Question 1 𝜌𝑑
Correct
𝐿= 𝜋𝑟2
,

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 and the compliance, 𝐶 , of the diaphragm is the inverse of the volume modulus of elasticity, 𝐸 𝑑 ,

𝐶= 1
𝐸𝑑 ,

A sterile catheter is inserted into a patient’s artery to make a continuous direct measure of arterial blood If you are given the physical characteristics of the system which are listed below, derive an expression

pressure. The catheter is filled with heparinised saline which is used to couple the blood pressure to an for the transfer function of the system and calculate the resonant frequency of the system (the

external pressure sensor, and also to stop the blood at the tip of the catheter from clotting. The external frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function peaks at its largest):

pressure sensor consists of a small flexible diaphragm connected to a strain gauge bridge; the Viscosity of saline at 20 ∘ 𝐶 : 0.001 Pa.s
diaphragm deforms with changes in saline pressure (and hence blood pressure) and the strain gauges Density of saline at 20 ∘ 𝐶 : 1000 kg/m3
detect the movement of the diaphragm. Volume modulus of elasticity of the diaphragm (denoted 𝐸 𝑑 ): 4.9𝑒 + 14 N/m5
Below is a simple model of the setup described above. Label each of the different parts by dragging the This is the volume of space that will be displaced behind the diaphragm for a 1 Pa (N/m2 ) change

cursor/circle of the corresponding words into the box. in saline pressure.

Catheter length, measured from its open end (in contact with the arterial blood) to the sensor
diaphragm, is 1.2 m.
Catheter
Diaphragm The radius of the catheter is 0.5 mm and the walls of the catheter are reasonably inelastic (the radius
does not change with pressure).

(a) Solve for 𝑅, 𝐿, and 𝐶 . Answer numerically with two decimal places. To input 𝐴 × 10𝐵 , type in AeB.
Blood Pressure
For example, 3 × 105 should be typed in as 3e+5. [0.5 marks each]

Saline 𝑅= 4.89e10 Pa s m−3

Sensor Chamber
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 4.89𝑒 + 10

Correct answer, well done.


𝐿= 1.53e9 kg m−4
Your answer is correct.
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 1.53𝑒 +9

Correct answer, well done.

𝐶= 2.04e-15 m5 N−1

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2.04𝑒 − 15

Correct answer, well done.

(b) What is the transfer function? Answer in terms of imaginary 𝑗 (NOT 𝑖), 𝜔, 𝑅, 𝐿, and 𝐶 . To input 𝜔 and
square root, type in omega and sqrt().
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖 = ((i/j)*omega*C)/(R+j*omega*L [1 mark]
i
𝑗
⋅ 𝜔⋅ 𝐶
Your last answer was interpreted as follows:
𝑅+𝑗⋅𝜔⋅𝐿+ 𝑗⋅𝜔1⋅𝐶

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅, 𝑗, 𝜔]

Incorrect answer. No air bubble: 1
   
𝑉𝑜
(b) 𝑉 is incorrect.
𝑖 Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 1

∣ 𝑉𝑜 ∣ = 1/sqrt((1-omega^2*L*C)^2+om[0.5 mark] Incorrect answer.

∣ 𝑉𝑖 ∣
(e) "No air bubble" selection is incorrect.
1
Your last answer was interpreted as follows:
√(
1−𝜔
2⋅ 𝐿 ⋅𝐶 ) + 𝜔 𝑅 ⋅𝐶
2 2⋅ 2 2

With air bubble: 2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅, 𝜔]

Correct answer, well done. Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2

Incorrect answer.
(c) What is the resonant frequency? Answer symbolically. [0.5 marks each]
(e) "With air bubble" selection is incorrect.
𝜔𝑛 = sqrt(1/(L*C)-R^2/(2*L^2))

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: √ 𝐿⋅𝐶
1
− 𝑅 ‾
2

2⋅𝐿 2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅]

Correct answer, well done.

A correct answer is 4.88923985178𝑒 + 10, which can be typed in as follows:
4.88923985178E+10
𝑓𝑛 = 565.58 Hz (Answer this question numerically with two decimal places)
A correct answer is 1.52788745368𝑒 + 9, which can be typed in as follows:
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 565.58 1.52788745368E+9

Incorrect answer. A correct answer is 2.04081632653𝑒 − 15, which can be typed in as follows:

(c) 𝑓𝑛 is incorrect. 2.04081632653E-15

1
A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:
𝐶 ⋅𝑗⋅𝜔⋅(𝐿⋅𝑗⋅𝜔+ 𝐶⋅𝑗1⋅𝜔 +𝑅)
(d) If an air bubble gets caught in the catheter near the diaphragm, what effect will this have on the
frequency response of the system? Answer in terms of imaginary 𝑗 (NOT 𝑖), 𝜔, 𝑅, 𝐿, 𝐶 , and the bubble 1/(C*j*omega*(L*j*omega+1/(C*j*omega)+R))
compliance 𝐶𝑏 . To input 𝜔, 𝐶𝑏 , and square root, type in omega, C_b, and sqrt(). [0.5 marks each] 1
A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:
1−𝐶 ⋅𝐿⋅𝜔2 ) +𝐶 2 ⋅𝑅 2 ⋅𝜔2
2

𝜔 𝑛2 = sqrt(1/(L*(C+C_b))-R^2/(2*L^2
√(

1/sqrt((1-C*L*omega^2)^2+C^2*R^2*omega^2)
‾𝐿‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
− 𝑅 ‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
− 𝑅 ‾, which can be typed in as follows:
2
1
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: √ ⋅(𝐶 +𝐶 ) 1 2
𝑏 2⋅𝐿 2 A correct answer is √ 𝐶 ⋅𝐿
2⋅𝐿 2
The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐶𝑏 , 𝐿, 𝑅] sqrt(1/(C*L)-R^2/(2*L^2))

Correct answer, well done. A correct answer is 90.06, which can be typed in as follows:

90.06
Complete the next statement which describes the relationship between the resonant frequencies
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
A correct answer is √ (𝐶 +1𝐶 )⋅𝐿 − 𝑅 ‾, which can be typed in as follows:
2

without and with bubble, 𝜔𝑛 > 𝜔 𝑛2 . 𝑏 2⋅𝐿 2

sqrt(1/((C_b+C)*L)-R^2/(2*L^2))
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: >
A correct answer is:

Correct answer, well done. ">"

A correct answer is:

(e) If an air bubble gets caught in the catheter near the diaphragm, identify which of the waveform below
2
is the 𝑉𝑜 with air bubble, and without air bubble. Answer 1 for option 1, and 2 for option 2. [0.5 marks
each] A correct answer is:

1
Question 3  
𝑝1 = R_c 𝑝6 = C_c
 
Partially correct
Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
Mark 2.85 out of 3.00
as follows: 𝑅 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑐

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
(a) Draw a simplified electrical equivalent model of the catheter and sensor system by labelling 𝑝1 to were: [𝑅 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑐 ]
𝑝10 in the figure below. [1.5 marks total] 𝑝2 = L_c 𝑝7 = R_s
Type in R_c, C_c, L_c for catheter resistor, capacitor, and inductor, respectively.
Type in R_s, C_s, L_s for saline resistor, capacitor, and inductor, respectively. Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝐿 𝑐 as follows: 𝑅 𝑠
Type in C for diaphragm capacitor compliance.
Type in 0 (zero) for open circuit. The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐿 𝑐 ] were: [𝑅 𝑠 ]

𝑝3 = C_c 𝑝8 = L_s

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝐶𝑐 as follows: 𝐿 𝑠

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐶𝑐 ] were: [𝐿 𝑠 ]

𝑝4 = R_c 𝑝9 = C_s

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝑅 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑠

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝑅 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑠 ]

𝑝5 = L_c 𝑝10 = C_d

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝐿 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑑

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐿 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑑 ]

(b) Among your answers in 𝑝1 to 𝑝10 , which can be approximated to zero? For multiple answers, type it inside a
parenthesis (e.g., {R_c, L_c}) [1.5 marks total]

{C_c,C_s,R_s,L_s} ≈0

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: {𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑠 , 𝑅 𝑠 , 𝐿 𝑠 }

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑠 , 𝐿 𝑠 , 𝑅 𝑠 ]

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

 Incorrect answer.
 
𝑝1 0 is incorrect.
[1.5 marks total, 1 mark/sizeof(set) per correct answer, final 0.5 is given when you got all correctly without
excess]:

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

A correct answer is 𝑅 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

R_c

A correct answer is 𝐿 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

L_c

A correct answer is 𝐶𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

C_c

A correct answer is 𝑅 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

R_c

A correct answer is 𝐿 𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

L_c

A correct answer is 𝐶𝑐 , which can be typed in as follows:

C_c

A correct answer is 𝑅 𝑠 , which can be typed in as follows:

R_s

A correct answer is 𝐿 𝑠 , which can be typed in as follows:

L_s

A correct answer is 𝐶𝑠 , which can be typed in as follows:

C_s

A correct answer is 𝐶 , which can be typed in as follows:

A correct answer is {𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑠 , 𝐿 𝑠 , 𝑅 𝑠 } , which can be typed in as follows:

{C_c,C_s,L_s,R_s}

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 Question 2
Partially correct

Mark 3.50 out of 6.00

Started on Tuesday, 14 March 2023, 5:53 PM

The resistance to fluid flow in a length of tubing of length 𝑑 , for a fluid with viscosity 𝜂 , and a radius 𝑟
State Finished
(Poiseuille’s Law, which describes rate of pressure loss along a tube) is,
Completed on Tuesday, 14 March 2023, 6:10 PM
8𝜂𝑑
Time taken 16 mins 33 secs 𝑅= 𝜋𝑟4
,
Grade 7.35 out of 10.00 (73.5%) and the inertance (which quantifies the inertia of fluid – the electrical equivalent is inductance) when the
fluid density is 𝜌 is given by,
Question 1 𝜌𝑑
Correct
𝐿= 𝜋𝑟2
,

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 and the compliance, 𝐶 , of the diaphragm is the inverse of the volume modulus of elasticity, 𝐸 𝑑 ,

𝐶= 1
𝐸𝑑 ,

A sterile catheter is inserted into a patient’s artery to make a continuous direct measure of arterial blood If you are given the physical characteristics of the system which are listed below, derive an expression

pressure. The catheter is filled with heparinised saline which is used to couple the blood pressure to an for the transfer function of the system and calculate the resonant frequency of the system (the

external pressure sensor, and also to stop the blood at the tip of the catheter from clotting. The external frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function peaks at its largest):

pressure sensor consists of a small flexible diaphragm connected to a strain gauge bridge; the Viscosity of saline at 20 ∘ 𝐶 : 0.001 Pa.s
diaphragm deforms with changes in saline pressure (and hence blood pressure) and the strain gauges Density of saline at 20 ∘ 𝐶 : 1000 kg/m3
detect the movement of the diaphragm. Volume modulus of elasticity of the diaphragm (denoted 𝐸 𝑑 ): 4.9𝑒 + 14 N/m5
Below is a simple model of the setup described above. Label each of the different parts by dragging the This is the volume of space that will be displaced behind the diaphragm for a 1 Pa (N/m2 ) change

cursor/circle of the corresponding words into the box. in saline pressure.

Catheter length, measured from its open end (in contact with the arterial blood) to the sensor
diaphragm, is 1.2 m.
Catheter
Diaphragm The radius of the catheter is 0.5 mm and the walls of the catheter are reasonably inelastic (the radius
does not change with pressure).

(a) Solve for 𝑅, 𝐿, and 𝐶 . Answer numerically with two decimal places. To input 𝐴 × 10𝐵 , type in AeB.
Blood Pressure
For example, 3 × 105 should be typed in as 3e+5. [0.5 marks each]

Saline 𝑅= 4.89e10 Pa s m−3

Sensor Chamber
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 4.89𝑒 + 10

Correct answer, well done.

 
𝐿= 1.53e9 kg m−4
Your answer is correct.
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 1.53𝑒 +9

Correct answer, well done.

𝐶= 2.04e-15 m5 N−1

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2.04𝑒 − 15

Correct answer, well done.

(b) What is the transfer function? Answer in terms of imaginary 𝑗 (NOT 𝑖), 𝜔, 𝑅, 𝐿, and 𝐶 . To input 𝜔 and
square root, type in omega and sqrt().
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖 = ((i/j)*omega*C)/(R+j*omega*L [1 mark]
i
𝑗
⋅ 𝜔⋅ 𝐶
Your last answer was interpreted as follows:
𝑅+𝑗⋅𝜔⋅𝐿+ 𝑗⋅𝜔1⋅𝐶

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅, 𝑗, 𝜔]

Incorrect answer. No air bubble: 1
𝑉𝑜
(b) 𝑉 is incorrect.
𝑖 Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 1

∣ 𝑉𝑜 ∣ = 1/sqrt((1-omega^2*L*C)^2+om[0.5 mark] Incorrect answer.

∣ 𝑉𝑖 ∣
(e) "No air bubble" selection is incorrect.
1
Your last answer was interpreted as follows:
√(
1−𝜔
2⋅ 𝐿 ⋅𝐶 ) + 𝜔 𝑅 ⋅𝐶
2 2⋅ 2 2

With air bubble: 2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅, 𝜔]

Correct answer, well done. Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 2

Incorrect answer.
(c) What is the resonant frequency? Answer symbolically. [0.5 marks each]
(e) "With air bubble" selection is incorrect.
𝜔𝑛 = sqrt(1/(L*C)-R^2/(2*L^2))

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: √ 𝐿⋅𝐶
1
− 𝑅 ‾
2

2⋅𝐿 2

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐿, 𝑅]

Correct answer, well done.

A correct answer is 4.88923985178𝑒 + 10, which can be typed in as follows:
4.88923985178E+10
𝑓𝑛 = 565.58 Hz (Answer this question numerically with two decimal places)
A correct answer is 1.52788745368𝑒 + 9, which can be typed in as follows:
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: 565.58 1.52788745368E+9

Incorrect answer. A correct answer is 2.04081632653𝑒 − 15, which can be typed in as follows:

(c) 𝑓𝑛 is incorrect. 2.04081632653E-15

1
A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:
𝐶 ⋅𝑗⋅𝜔⋅(𝐿⋅𝑗⋅𝜔+ 𝐶⋅𝑗1⋅𝜔 +𝑅)
(d) If an air bubble gets caught in the catheter near the diaphragm, what effect will this have on the
frequency response of the system? Answer in terms of imaginary 𝑗 (NOT 𝑖), 𝜔, 𝑅, 𝐿, 𝐶 , and the bubble 1/(C*j*omega*(L*j*omega+1/(C*j*omega)+R))
compliance 𝐶𝑏 . To input 𝜔, 𝐶𝑏 , and square root, type in omega, C_b, and sqrt(). [0.5 marks each] 1
A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:
1−𝐶 ⋅𝐿⋅𝜔2 ) +𝐶 2 ⋅𝑅 2 ⋅𝜔2
2

𝜔 𝑛2 = sqrt(1/(L*(C+C_b))-R^2/(2*L^2
√(

1/sqrt((1-C*L*omega^2)^2+C^2*R^2*omega^2)
‾𝐿‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
− 𝑅 ‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
− 𝑅 ‾, which can be typed in as follows:
2
1
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: √ ⋅(𝐶 +𝐶 ) 1 2
𝑏 2⋅𝐿 2 A correct answer is √ 𝐶 ⋅𝐿
2⋅𝐿 2
The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶 , 𝐶𝑏 , 𝐿, 𝑅] sqrt(1/(C*L)-R^2/(2*L^2))

Correct answer, well done. A correct answer is 90.06, which can be typed in as follows:

90.06
Complete the next statement which describes the relationship between the resonant frequencies
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
A correct answer is √ (𝐶 +1𝐶 )⋅𝐿 − 𝑅 ‾, which can be typed in as follows:
2

without and with bubble, 𝜔𝑛 > 𝜔 𝑛2 . 𝑏 2⋅𝐿 2

sqrt(1/((C_b+C)*L)-R^2/(2*L^2))
Your last answer was interpreted as follows: >
A correct answer is:

Correct answer, well done. ">"

A correct answer is:

(e) If an air bubble gets caught in the catheter near the diaphragm, identify which of the waveform below
2
is the 𝑉𝑜 with air bubble, and without air bubble. Answer 1 for option 1, and 2 for option 2. [0.5 marks
each] A correct answer is:

1
Question 3 𝑝1 = R_c 𝑝6 = C_c
Partially correct
Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
Mark 2.85 out of 3.00
as follows: 𝑅 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑐

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
(a) Draw a simplified electrical equivalent model of the catheter and sensor system by labelling 𝑝1 to were: [𝑅 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑐 ]
𝑝10 in the figure below. [1.5 marks total] 𝑝2 = L_c 𝑝7 = R_s
Type in R_c, C_c, L_c for catheter resistor, capacitor, and inductor, respectively.
Type in R_s, C_s, L_s for saline resistor, capacitor, and inductor, respectively. Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted

Type in C for diaphragm capacitor compliance. as follows: 𝐿 𝑐 as follows: 𝑅 𝑠

Type in 0 (zero) for open circuit. The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐿 𝑐 ] were: [𝑅 𝑠 ]

𝑝3 = C_c 𝑝8 = L_s

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝐶𝑐 as follows: 𝐿 𝑠

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐶𝑐 ] were: [𝐿 𝑠 ]

𝑝4 = R_c 𝑝9 = C_s

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝑅 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑠

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝑅 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑠 ]

𝑝5 = L_c 𝑝10 = C_d

Your last answer was interpreted Your last answer was interpreted
as follows: 𝐿 𝑐 as follows: 𝐶𝑑

The variables found in your answer The variables found in your answer
were: [𝐿 𝑐 ] were: [𝐶𝑑 ]

(b) Among your answers in 𝑝1 to 𝑝10 , which can be approximated to zero? For multiple answers, type it inside a
parenthesis (e.g., {R_c, L_c}) [1.5 marks total]

{C_c,C_s,R_s,L_s} ≈0

Your last answer was interpreted as follows: {𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑠 , 𝑅 𝑠 , 𝐿 𝑠 }

The variables found in your answer were: [𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶𝑠 , 𝐿 𝑠 , 𝑅 𝑠 ]

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

 Incorrect answer.

is incorrect.

[1.5 marks total, 1 mark/sizeof(set) per correct answer, final 0.5 is given when you got all correctly without
excess]:

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

Correct answer, well done.

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

R_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

L_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

C_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

R_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

L_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

C_c

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

R_s

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

L_s

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

C_s

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

A correct answer is , which can be typed in as follows:

{C_c,C_s,L_s,R_s}

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Question 1:

Question 2:

(a)
𝟖𝜼𝒍 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏
𝑅 = ∑ 𝑅𝐶 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝝅𝒓𝟒 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔−𝟏𝟐
𝝆𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏
𝐿 = ∑ 𝐿𝐶 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔−𝟔
1 1
𝐶= = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓
𝐸𝑑 𝟒. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝟏
̅
𝑽 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝟏 ̅
𝑽 𝟏
(b) ̅𝒐 = 𝟏 = and | ̅𝒐 | =
𝑽𝒊 𝑹+𝒋𝝎𝑳+ 𝝎𝑹𝑪𝒋+𝟏−𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 𝑽𝒊 √(𝟏−𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪)𝟐 +𝝎𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒋𝝎𝑪

(c)

𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟏 (𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 )𝟐
𝝎𝒏 = √𝑳𝑪 − 𝟐𝑳𝟐 = √𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟗×𝟐.𝟎𝟒×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐×(𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟗)𝟐 = 𝟖𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

𝝎𝒏
𝒇𝒏 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟓 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅

(d) The air bubble will increase compliance at the sensor end. If the bubble has a compliance 𝐶𝑏 , the
equivalent circuit will be as follow:
 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
Then the new resonant frequency becomes: 𝝎𝒏𝟐 = √𝑳(𝑪+𝑪 ) − 𝟐𝑳𝟐 < 𝝎𝒏
𝒃

(e) If air bubble is introduced, the waveform will be low-pass filtered→ signal will be smoother.
However, if the cut-off frequency of this low-pass filtered is less than the frequency of the 10th
harmonic (approximately), distortion will be noticeable.

Question 3

(a)

P1 R_c
P2 L_c
P3 C_c
P4 R_c
P5 L_c
P6 C_c
P7 R_s
P8 L_s
P9 C_s
P10 C

(b) {C_c, C_s, L_s, R_s}