1

FINAL EXAM (FIRST SEMESTER FIRST YEAR)

MATHEMATICAL MODELING & SIMULATION
by
Muhammad Saleem Khan (20S-PHD-TL-01)

Doctor of Philosophy
in
Telecommunication Engineering

Institute of Information & Communication Technologies

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

JAMSHORO
 2

QUESTION NO: 1
“Determine the value of 𝒚 at the pivotal points of the interval (0, 1), if 𝒚
satisfies the boundary value problem 𝒚𝑰𝑽 + 𝟖𝟏𝒚 = 𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟐 the boundary
conditions 𝒚 (𝟎) = 𝒚 (𝟏) = 𝒚’’(𝟎) = 𝒚’’(𝟏) taking 𝒏 = 𝟑 using finite
differences method.”
 3

SOLUTION
Given:

𝒉 = 𝟏/𝟑 𝒂𝒔 𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝒚′′ (𝟎) = 𝒚′′ (𝟏) = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒚𝟏 =? 𝒚𝟐 =? 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟎

The given differential equation is

𝒚𝑰𝑽 + 𝟖𝟏𝒚 = 𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟐
Replacing the differential operator in above equation by its equivalent difference equation;
𝟏
(𝒚𝒊+𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝒊+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒚𝒊 − 𝟒𝒚𝒊−𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊−𝟐 ) + 𝟖𝟏𝒚𝒊 = 𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟐𝒊
𝒉𝟒

𝒚𝒊+𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝒊+𝟏 + 𝟕𝒚𝒊 − 𝟒𝒚𝒊−𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊−𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐𝒊

𝟏
At 𝒊 = 𝟏 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚𝟏 − 𝟒𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚−𝟏 =
𝟗
𝟒
At 𝒊 = 𝟐 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟎 =
𝟗

As we know that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟎, so above equations become:

𝟏
−𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚−𝟏 = … … … … … … . . (𝟏)
𝟗
𝟒
𝒚𝟒 + 𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟏 = … … … … … … . . (𝟐)
𝟗

Now considering the difference equation of 2nd derivative

𝟏
𝒚′′
𝒊 = (𝒚𝒊+𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚𝒊 + 𝒚𝒊−𝟏 )
𝒉𝟐

At 𝒊 = 𝟎 𝒚′′
𝟎 = 𝟗(𝒚𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚−𝟏 )

𝒚−𝟏 = −𝒚𝟏 … … … … … … . . (𝟑)

At 𝒊 = 𝟑 𝒚′′
𝟑 = 𝟗(𝒚𝟒 − 𝟐𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 )

𝒚𝟒 = −𝒚𝟐 … … … … … … . . (𝟒)
 4

Now putting the values of eq (3) & (4) in eq (1) and (2) respectively, we
get
𝟏
−𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝟏 = … … … … … … . . (𝟓)
𝟗
𝟒
𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟏 = … … … … … . . . . (𝟔)
𝟗

From eq (5) we have

𝟔𝒚𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝟒𝒚𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚𝟐 = − = … … … … … . . . . (𝟕)
𝟒 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Putting the value of 𝒚𝟐 from above expression into eq (6)

𝟓𝟒𝒚𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒
𝟔( ) − 𝟒𝒚𝟏 =
𝟑𝟔 𝟗

𝟓𝟒𝒚𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒
− 𝟒𝒚𝟏 =
𝟔 𝟗

𝟓𝟒𝒚𝟏 −𝟏−𝟐𝟒𝒚𝟏 𝟒
=
𝟔 𝟗

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝟏 = = =
𝟗×𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝟗𝟎

Putting value of 𝒚𝟏 in eq (7), we get

𝟔𝟔 𝟏 𝟔𝟔−𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟔 𝟕
𝒚𝟐 = − = = =
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟒𝟓

Hence Solution is
𝟏𝟏 𝟕
𝒚𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟐 =
𝟗𝟎 𝟒𝟓

OR

𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
𝒚( ) = & 𝒚( ) =
𝟑 𝟗𝟎 𝟑 𝟒𝟓
 5

QUESTION NO: 2

𝝏𝟐 𝑼 𝝏𝟐 𝑼
“Solve the Poisson’s equation + = −𝑹(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) over the
𝝏𝟐 𝒙 𝝏𝟐 𝒚

square mesh with sides 𝒙 = 𝟎 = 𝒚, 𝒙 = 𝟑 = 𝒚 with 𝒖 = 𝟎 on the

boundary and mesh length is 1.”
 6

SOLUTION
Given:
1
Roll # 20-PHD-TL-01 therefore R=1, h = mesh length= =1
1
u is zero on boundary, 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠; 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦 & 𝑥 = 3 = 𝑦

Figure:

The standard five-point formula for Poisson’s partial differential equation is given as under
by putting 𝑥 = 𝑖 & 𝑦 = 𝑗:

𝒖𝒊−𝟏,𝒋 + 𝒖𝒊+𝟏,𝒋 + 𝒖𝒊,𝒋+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒊,𝒋−𝟏 − 𝟒𝒖𝒊,𝒋 = −(𝟏)𝟐 (𝒊𝟐 + 𝒋𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) … … (𝟏)

Putting 𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 2 to solve for 𝒖𝟏

𝒖−𝟏,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟏,𝟑 + 𝒖𝟏,𝟏 − 𝟒𝒖𝟏,𝟐 = −(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) which gives

𝟎 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟎 + 𝒖𝟑 − 𝟒𝒖𝟏 = −(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎)
−𝟒𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 = −𝟏𝟓 … … … … … … … … … . (𝟐)
Putting 𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 2 to solve for 𝒖𝟐

𝒖𝟏,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟑 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟏 − 𝟒𝒖𝟐,𝟐 = −(𝟏)𝟐 (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) which gives
 7

𝒖𝟏 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝒖𝟒 − 𝟒𝒖𝟐 = −(𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎)

𝒖𝟏 − 𝟒𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟒 = −𝟏𝟖 … … … … … … … … … . (𝟑)
Putting 𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 1 to solve for 𝒖𝟑

𝒖𝟎,𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟒𝒖𝟏,𝟏 = −(𝟏)𝟐 (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) which gives
𝟎 + 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝟎 − 𝟒𝒖𝟑 = −𝟏𝟐
𝒖𝟏 − 𝟒𝒖𝟑 + 𝒖𝟒 = −𝟏𝟐 … … … … … … … … … . (𝟒)
Putting 𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 1 to solve for 𝒖𝟒

𝒖𝟏,𝟏 + 𝒖𝟑,𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐,𝟎 − 𝟒𝒖𝟐,𝟏 = −(𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) which gives
𝒖𝟑 + 𝟎 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟎 − 𝟒𝒖𝟒 = −𝟏𝟓
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 − 𝟒𝒖𝟒 = −𝟏𝟓 … … … … … … … … … . (𝟓)
Subtracting equation (5) from equation (2), we get 𝒖𝟏 = 𝒖𝟒 , therefore above
equations simplify to following:
𝟏
𝒖𝟏 = (𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 + 𝟏𝟓) … … … … … … … … … . (𝟔)
𝟒
𝟏
𝒖𝟐 = (𝒖𝟏 + 𝟗) … … … … … … … … … . (𝟕)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒖𝟑 = (𝒖𝟏 + 𝟔) … … … … … … … … … . (𝟖)
𝟐

Solving above equations through Gauss Seidal Method, we get

𝟏
𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = (𝒖𝒌𝟐 + 𝒖𝒌𝟑 + 𝟏𝟓) … … … … … … … … … . (𝟗)
𝟒
𝟏
𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟐 = (𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟗) … … … … … … … … … . (𝟏𝟎)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟑 = 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟑 … … … … … … … … … . (𝟏𝟏)
𝟐

1st Iteration (k=0)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝒌
𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟎 in eq (9)
𝟏 𝟏𝟓
𝒖𝟏𝟏 = (𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓) = = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
𝟒 𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓, in eq (10)
 8

𝟏
𝒖𝟏𝟐 = (𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟗) = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓, in eq (11)
𝟑.𝟕𝟓
𝒖𝟏𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝟐

2nd Iteration (k=1)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟓, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 in eq (9)
𝟏
𝒖𝟐𝟏 = (𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟐𝟐 = (𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗) = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓, in eq (11)
𝟔.𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝒖𝟐𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐
𝟐

3rd Iteration (k=2)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟐 𝒌 𝟐
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐 in eq (9)
𝟏
𝒖𝟑𝟏 = (𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟑𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟑𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔 + 𝟗) = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟖
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟑𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔, in eq (11)

𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔
𝒖𝟑𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖
𝟐

4th Iteration (k=3)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟑 𝒌 𝟑
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟖, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖 in eq (9)
 9

𝟏
𝒖𝟒𝟏 = (𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟖 + 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟑𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟒, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟒𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟒 + 𝟗) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟑𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔, in eq (11)

𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝒖𝟒𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟕
𝟐

5th Iteration (k=4)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟒 𝒌 𝟒
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟕 in eq (9)
𝟏
𝒖𝟓𝟏 = (𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟓𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟓𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒 + 𝟗) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟕
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟓𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒, in eq (11)
𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒
𝒖𝟓𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟕
𝟐

6th Iteration (k=5)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟓 𝒌 𝟓
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟕, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟕 in eq (9)
𝟏
𝒖𝟔𝟏 = (𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟕 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟔𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟔𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑 + 𝟗) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟐
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟔𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑, in eq (11)
𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑
𝒖𝟔𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟐
𝟐
 10

7th Iteration (k=6)

Using 𝒖𝒌 𝟔 𝒌 𝟔
𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟐, 𝒖𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟐 in eq (9)
𝟏
𝒖𝟕𝟏 = (𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏
𝟒

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟕𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏, in eq (10)
𝟏
𝒖𝟕𝟐 = (𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏 + 𝟗) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟓
𝟐

Using 𝒖𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒖𝟕𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏, in eq (11)
𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏
𝒖𝟕𝟑 = + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟓
𝟐

Solution By Gauss Jacobi Method.

𝒖𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟏 ≅ 𝟕. 𝟓
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟓 ≅ 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓
𝒖𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟓 ≅ 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓
𝒖𝟒 = 𝒖𝟏 ≅ 𝟕. 𝟓
 11

QUESTION NO: 3(a)

“Construct the difference table and determine the value of 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝑹 for 𝒙 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑹, in the interval (𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟔) taking step size 𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏.”
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SOLUTION
Given:
Evaluate 𝑦 for 𝑥 = 0.25𝑅 where R=1 as 𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙 # 20 − 𝑃𝐻𝐷 − 𝑇𝐿 − 𝟎𝟏,
Interval is (0,0.6) taking ℎ = 0.1

x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

𝑦 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝑹 1 1.2214 1.49182 1.82212 2.22554 2.71828 3.3201

𝒙 𝒚 ∆𝒚 ∆𝟐 𝒚 ∆𝟑 𝒚 ∆𝟒 𝒚 ∆𝟓 𝒚 ∆𝟔 𝒚
0 1
0.2214
0.1 1.2214 0.04902
0.27042 0.01086
0.2 1.49182 0.05988 0.00238
0.3303 0.01324 0.00058
0.3 1.82212 0.07312 0.00296 0.00002
0.40342 0.0162 0.0006
0.4 2.22554 0.08932 0.00356
0.49274 0.01976
0.5 2.71828 0.10908
0.60182
0.6 3.3201

We have;
𝒉 = 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟏
𝒙−𝒙𝟎 𝟎.𝟐𝟓−𝟎
𝝁= = = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒉 𝟎.𝟏
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𝝁(𝝁 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝝁(𝝁 − 𝟏)(𝝁 − 𝟐) 𝟑

𝒚(𝒙) = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝝁𝜟𝒚𝟎 + ⋅ 𝜟 𝒚𝟎 + ⋅ 𝜟 𝒚𝟎
𝟐! 𝟑!
𝝁(𝝁 − 𝟏)(𝝁 − 𝟐)(𝝁 − 𝟑) 𝟒
+ ⋅ 𝜟 𝒚𝟎
𝟒!
𝝁(𝝁 − 𝟏)(𝝁 − 𝟐)(𝝁 − 𝟑)(𝝁 − 𝟒)
+ ⋅ 𝜟𝟓 𝒚𝟎
𝟓!
𝝁(𝝁 − 𝟏)(𝝁 − 𝟐)(𝝁 − 𝟑)(𝝁 − 𝟒)(𝝁 − 𝟓) 𝟔
+ ⋅ 𝜟 𝒚𝟎
𝟔!

𝒚(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟗 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎

𝒚(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟐

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QUESTION NO: 3(b)

“Using Lagrange’s interpolation, determine the value of 𝒚 for 𝒙 = 𝟒,

from the below given table.”

x 0 2 3 5
y R 11R 31R 131R
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SOLUTION
Given:
Determine 𝑦 for 𝑥 = 4 , R=1 as 𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙 # 20 − 𝑃𝐻𝐷 − 𝑇𝐿 − 𝟎𝟏,

x 0 2 3 5
y 1 11 31 131

Using following Lagrange Formula:

(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 )

𝒇(𝒙) = × 𝒚𝟎 + × 𝒚𝟏
(𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 )
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )
+ × 𝒚𝟐 + × 𝒚𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 )

(𝟒 − 𝟐)(𝟒 − 𝟑)(𝟒 − 𝟓) (𝟒 − 𝟎)(𝟒 − 𝟑)(𝟒 − 𝟓)

𝒚(𝟒) = ×𝟏+ × 𝟏𝟏
(𝟎 − 𝟐)(𝟎 − 𝟑)(𝟎 − 𝟓) (𝟐 − 𝟎)(𝟐 − 𝟑)(𝟐 − 𝟓)
(𝟒 − 𝟎)(𝟒 − 𝟐)(𝟒 − 𝟓) (𝟒 − 𝟎)(𝟒 − 𝟐)(𝟒 − 𝟑)
+ × 𝟑𝟏 + × 𝟏𝟑𝟏
(𝟑 − 𝟎)(𝟑 − 𝟐)(𝟑 − 𝟓) (𝟓 − 𝟎)(𝟓 − 𝟐)(𝟓 − 𝟑)

−𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟖 𝟖
𝒚(𝟒) = ×𝟏+ × 𝟏𝟏 + × 𝟑𝟏 + × 𝟏𝟑𝟏
−𝟑𝟎 𝟔 −𝟔 𝟑𝟎

𝒚(𝟒) = 𝟔𝟗
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒊𝒔 𝟔𝟗