Differential Equations-Linear Equations

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS-LINEAR EQUATIONS
By dividing both sides of (1) by the lead coefficient a1(x), the standard form, of a linear
equation
Solving a Homogeneous Linear DE

SOLUTION
P(x)= -3
integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ −3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
multiply the equation by this factor
Integrating both sides of the last equation give

Solving for y gives us the explicit solution
====================================================
1
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Solving a Nonhomogeneous Linear DE
𝑷(𝒙) = −𝟑
integrating factor is 𝒆∫ −𝟑𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −3𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = 6𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −3𝑥
(𝑒 𝑦) = 6𝑒−3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides of the last equation
𝑑
∫ (𝑒−3𝑥 𝑦) = ∫ 6𝑒−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝟔 −3𝑥
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 +𝒄
𝟑
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = −𝟐𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝒄
−𝟐𝑒−3𝑥 𝒄
𝒚= −3𝑥
+ −3𝑥
= −𝟐 + 𝑒3𝑥 𝒄
𝑒 𝑒
3𝑥
𝒚 = 𝑪𝑒 − 𝟐 −∞<𝒙<∞
Solve DE
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝒙 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Dividing equation 1 by x,
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
− 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
−4
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
𝟒
∫ −𝒙𝒅𝒙 −𝟒𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒙−𝟒
integrating factor is 𝒆 =𝒆 =𝒆 =
𝒙−𝟒
𝒅𝒚
−𝟒 −𝟓
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 −𝟒 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒆𝒙
(𝒙
𝒅𝒙
====================================================
2
𝒅 −𝟒 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ (𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)

𝒖=𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒙𝒆𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
𝑥 −4 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑐
𝑦= − +
𝑥5−4𝑥 𝑥𝑥 −4
4
𝑥4
−4
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
𝟐 𝒅𝒚
solve the DE (𝒙 − 𝟗) + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Dividing equation 1 by (x2-9)
𝒅𝒚 𝒙
+ 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟗)
𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝑷(𝑿) =
(𝒙 − 𝟗) 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗)
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟏
𝑷(𝑿)𝒅𝒙 ∫
𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 −𝟗) 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 −𝟗|
integrating factor=𝒆∫ =𝒆 =𝒆 𝟐
𝟏
𝒍𝒏|𝒙 −𝟗|𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒆𝒍𝒏√𝒙 −𝟗 = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝟐
=𝒆
multiply the equation 2 by this factor √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒅𝒚 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 + 𝟐 𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 −𝟗 )
𝒅𝒚 𝒙
√𝒙 𝟐
−𝟗 + 𝒚=𝟎
√𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅
[√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗. 𝒚] = 𝟎 … … … … … … 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
Integrating both sides of the equation 3
====================================================
3
𝒅
∫ [√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗. 𝒚] = 𝑪
𝒅𝒙
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗. 𝒚 = 𝑪
𝑪
𝒚=
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
An Initial-Value Problem
𝒅𝒚
Solve DE. +𝒚=𝒙 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
Solution
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟏𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝑷(𝑿)𝒅𝒙
integrating factor=𝒆∫ = 𝒆∫ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒙
multiply the equation this factor (𝒆 )
𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒙
(𝒆 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒙
∫ (𝒆 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)
𝒖=𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒙𝒆𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐶
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑦 = 4
𝒆𝟎 𝟒 = 𝟎𝒆𝟎 − 𝒆𝟎 + 𝐶 4 = −1 + 𝐶 𝐶=5
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 5
====================================================
4
𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 5
𝑦 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝑥 − 1 + 5𝒆−𝒙
𝒆 𝒆 𝒆
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 5𝒆−𝒙
In Problems 1–24 find the general solution of the given
differential equation. Give the largest interval I over which the
general solution is defined. Determine whether there are any
transient terms in the general solution.
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏) = 𝟓𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
− 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎 = 𝟓𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
P(x)=-5 𝒚
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ −𝟓𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 ∫ = ∫ 𝟓𝒅𝒙
𝒆−𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓𝒆−𝟓𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 −𝟓𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏
(𝒆 𝒚) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟓𝒙+𝒄 = 𝒆𝟓𝒙 . 𝒆𝒄𝟏
𝒅 −𝟓𝒙
∫ (𝒆 𝒚) = 𝑪 𝒆𝒄𝟏 = 𝑪
𝒅𝒙
𝒆−𝟓𝒙 𝒚=C 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒆𝟓𝒙
𝑪
𝒚 = −𝟓𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝟓𝒙 −∞ < x < ∞.
𝒆
−∞ < x < ∞.
====================================================
5
𝒅𝒚
(𝟐) + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 = −𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
− 𝟐𝒅𝒙
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟎 ∫ = ∫ −𝟐𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒚
𝒅 𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
(𝒆 𝒚) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙+𝒄
𝒅 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 . 𝒆𝒄
∫ (𝒆 𝒚) = 𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒆𝒄 = 𝑪𝟏
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝑪𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝒆
−∞ < x < ∞
The transient term is c1e−2x
𝒅𝒚
(𝟑). + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟏
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒆𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒙
(𝒆 𝒚) = 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒅(𝒆𝒙 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟒𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟒
𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝑪
𝒚= 𝒙+ 𝒙
𝟒𝒆 𝒆
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝒆−𝒙
𝟒
====================================================
6
−∞ < x < ∞. The transient term is c.e−x

𝒅𝒚
(𝟒). 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Dividing equation 1 by 3
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
+ 𝟒𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟒
integrating factor
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝟒𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝟒𝒙
multiply the equation 1 by the factor (𝒆 )
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
𝟒𝒙 𝟒𝒙
𝒆 + 𝟒𝒆 𝒚= 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
𝒅 𝟒
(𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒚) = 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
𝟒
𝒅 (𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒚) = 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟒
∫ 𝒅 (𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟏
𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑
𝒆 𝟒𝒙 𝑪
𝒚= +
𝟑𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒆𝟒𝒙
𝟏
𝒚 = + 𝑪. 𝒆−𝟒𝒙
𝟑
−∞ < x < ∞. The transient term is ce−4x.
(𝟓) 𝒚′ + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟑
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒆𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝑑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
(𝒆𝒙 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∫ 𝑑 (𝒆𝒙 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
====================================================
7
𝟑 1 𝟑 1 𝟑
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = ∫ 𝟑𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒙 +𝑐
3 3
𝟑
𝒆𝒙 𝐶 1 𝟑
𝑦= 𝟑
+ 𝟑 = + 𝐶 𝒆−𝒙
3𝒆 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 3
𝟏
Or by using the equation 𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝝁
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 ∫ 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝒆 𝟑𝒆
𝒙𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝒆 𝐶 1 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟑 [𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄] = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 = + 𝐶𝒆−𝒙
𝟑𝒆 3𝒆 𝟑𝒆 3
Interval is −∞ < x < ∞.
The transient term is ce−x3
(𝟔). 𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
𝟐
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 . 𝒆𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝟐
𝝁 𝒆
𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙. 𝒙𝟐
2𝑥
= 𝒙. 𝒖
𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝒙𝟑 . 𝒆𝒙 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑢. 𝒆𝒖 .
𝟐
= ∫ 𝑢. 𝒆𝒖 𝑑𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
2𝑥 2
1
𝑤= 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝒆𝒖
2
1
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑣 = 𝒆𝒖
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝟐 1 𝟐
∫ 𝑢. 𝒆𝒖 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝒆𝒖 − ∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝒆𝒖 − 𝒆𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
====================================================
8
𝟏 𝟑 . 𝒆𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏 [1 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙𝟐 − 1 𝒆𝒙𝟐 + 𝐶]

𝒚= 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 2 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝐶
= 𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝑥2 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦= − + 𝑪𝒆−𝒙
2 𝟐
𝟐
interval is −∞ < x < ∞., The transient term is 𝑪𝒆−𝒙
(𝟕) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝟐 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = [𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐]
𝝁 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙 𝒙
Interval is 0 < x < ∞., The entire solution is transient
(𝟖). 𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓
𝒚′ − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓
𝒑(𝒙) = −𝟐, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ −𝟐𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝟏 1
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒙 ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
𝝁 𝒆
1
𝑦= [∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙]
𝒆−𝟐𝒙
−5 −𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆
2
====================================================
9
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 "use integration by parts"
𝑢 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
−1 −𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣= 𝒆
2
−1 𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒆 + ∫ 𝒙 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
2
∫ 𝒙 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
−1 −𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝒆
2
−𝟐𝒙
−𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙
−𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙
∫𝒙𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = + ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒆
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
−1 𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙
∫𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒆 − − 𝒆
2 𝟐 𝟒
−1 𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙 5 −𝟐𝒙
1
𝑦 = −𝟐𝒙 [ 𝒙 𝒆 − − 𝒆 − 𝒆 + 𝒄]
𝒆 2 𝟐 𝟒 2
−1 𝟐 𝑥 𝟏 5 𝑐 −1 𝟐 𝑥 1 + 10
𝑦= 𝒙 − − − + −𝟐𝒙 = 𝒙 − + 𝐶𝒆𝟐𝒙 −
2 2 𝟒 2 𝒆 2 2 4
−1 𝟐 𝑥 11
𝑦= 𝒙 − − + 𝐶𝒆𝟐𝒙
2 2 4
Interval id−∞ < x < ∞., There is no transient term
𝒅𝒚
(𝟗). 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 … … … … . . 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Dividing equation 1 by x
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
− = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 … … … … 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
−𝟏
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒙
====================================================
10
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏
multiply the equation 2 by the factor (𝒙−𝟏 )
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒙−𝟏 = 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 … … … … 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 −𝟏
(𝒙 𝒚) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒅 (𝒙−𝟏 𝒚) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄
−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒄
𝒚= +
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝒚 = −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒙𝒄
interval ix 0 < x < ∞., There is no transient term
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏𝟎). 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑. . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟑
+ 𝒚 = ..............𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝟑
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 [ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄]
𝝁 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝟑 𝑪 𝟑
𝒚= + 𝟐 = + 𝑪𝒙−𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
Interval is 0 < x < ∞. The transient term is cx−2.
====================================================
11
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏𝟏). 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
+ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝟒
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙
𝟒 𝟒
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝟒𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫(𝒙𝟔 − 𝒙𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟕 𝒙𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝑪 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟒 [ − + 𝑪] = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 + 𝑪𝒙−𝟒
𝒙 𝟕 𝟓 𝟕 𝟓 𝒙 𝟕 𝟓
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪𝒙−𝟒
𝟕 𝟓
Interval is -∞<x<∞, The transient term is cx−4
====================================================
12
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏𝟐). (𝟏 + 𝒙) − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙)
− 𝒚= = =𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒅𝒚 𝒙
− 𝒚=𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = − 𝒇(𝑿) = 𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒙 1 1
−∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝝁= 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙= 𝑒 (𝟏+𝒙) = 𝑒 − ∫ 1−𝑥+1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −1+1+𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑙𝑛(𝑥+1)
𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥+1) = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
𝟏 1
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝁 (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑦= −𝑥
∫(𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥)𝑒
1
𝑦= −𝑥
[∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝑒 −𝑥 𝒅𝒙]
(1 + 𝑥)𝑒
∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝑒 −𝑥 𝒅𝒙
D I D I
−𝒙 −𝑥
+𝒙 𝒆 +𝒙𝟐 𝑒
-1 -𝒆−𝒙 -2x -𝑒 −𝑥
+0 𝒆−𝒙 +2 𝑒 −𝑥
-𝒙𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 -0 -𝑒 −𝑥
-𝒙𝟐 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 -2𝑒 −𝑥
−𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 -3𝒙𝒆−𝒙 -3𝒆−𝒙
1
𝑦= (−𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟑𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄)
(1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
====================================================
13
−𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 𝟑𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝟑𝒆−𝒙 𝒄

𝒚=( − − + )
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆−𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆−𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆−𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆−𝒙
−𝒙𝟐 3𝑥 𝟑 𝒄𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=( − − + )
(1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)
𝟏
𝒚 = (1+𝑥) [−𝒙𝟐 − 3𝑥 − 3 + 𝒄𝑒 𝑥 ]
−1 < x < ∞. There is no transient term.
(𝟏𝟑). 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′ + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙
′
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒆𝒙
𝒚 + 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒆𝒙
𝒚′ + 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝒆𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = =𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
)𝒅𝒙
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫(𝟏+𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 ∫ 𝒙 𝒆 . 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 ∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 𝒆 𝒙 𝒙 𝒆
𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝐶 1 𝒆𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒙( + 𝑪) = 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 [ + 𝐶𝒆−𝒙 ]
𝒙 𝒆 𝟐 2𝒙 𝒙 𝒆 𝒙 2
𝑪𝒆−𝒙
0 < x < ∞. The transient term is
𝒙𝟐
(𝟏𝟒). 𝒙𝒚′ + (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒚 = 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 −𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝒚′ + 𝒚=
𝒙 𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = =𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
)𝒅𝒙
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫(𝟏+𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙. 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝟏
𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙. 𝒆 . 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝒙. 𝒆𝒙 𝒙 𝒙. 𝒆𝒙
====================================================
14
𝟏 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝑪
𝒚= [− 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪] = − +
𝒙. 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒙. 𝒆𝒙
−𝟏 𝑪
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙. 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
𝟐𝒙 𝒙
0 < x < ∞. The entire solution is transient.
(𝟏𝟓) 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟔 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟔 )
𝒅𝒙 − 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟔 )
− =𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝑥
− 4 − 4𝑦 5 = 0
𝒅𝒚 𝑦
𝒅𝒙 4
− 𝑥 = 4𝑦 5
𝒅𝒚 𝑦
4
𝑃(𝑦) = − 𝑓(𝑦) = 4𝑦 5
𝑦
𝟒
∫ −𝒚𝒅𝒚 −𝟒
𝝁= 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 =𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟒𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝑦 −4
𝟏 1 1 1
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = −4 ∫ 𝑦 −4 4𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 = −4 ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −4 [2𝑦 2 + 𝑐]
𝝁 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
2𝑦 2 𝐶
𝑦 = −4 + −4 = 2𝑦 6 + 𝐶𝑦 4
𝑦 𝑦
Interval is 0 < y < ∞ and There is no transient term.
====================================================
15
(𝟏𝟔) 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = (𝒚𝒆𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒚

𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2
= = 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
2
𝑃(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑒𝑦
𝑦
2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 2
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝟏 1
𝒙 = ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 2 ∫ 𝑦2 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝝁 𝑦
1
𝑥 = 𝑦2 [𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑐 ]
𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 2𝑦𝑒 𝑦 2𝑒 𝑦 𝑐
𝑥= 2 − 2 + 2 + 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
2𝑒 𝑦 2𝑒 𝑦
𝑦
𝑐
𝑥=𝑒 − + 2 + 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝒄
0 < y < ∞. The transient term is 𝟐
𝒚
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏𝟕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
====================================================
16
𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏
+ ( )𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒚
+ (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
− 1
𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝝁 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚= ∫ 𝝁. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝑪
𝑦= [𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪] = + = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
interval (−π/2 < x < π/2). And There is no transient term.
solve these problems
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Differential Equations-Linear Equations

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Differential Equations-Linear Equations

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS-LINEAR EQUATIONS

Solving a Homogeneous Linear DE

Integrating both sides of the last equation give

Solving a Nonhomogeneous Linear DE

𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)

𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ( 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)

−∞ < x < ∞. The transient term is c.e−x

The transient term is ce−x3

𝟏 𝟑 . 𝒆𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏 [1 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙𝟐 − 1 𝒆𝒙𝟐 + 𝐶]

∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 "use integration by parts"

interval ix 0 < x < ∞., There is no transient term

−𝒙𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 𝟑𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝟑𝒆−𝒙 𝒄

Interval is 0 < y < ∞ and There is no transient term.

(𝟏𝟔) 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = (𝒚𝒆𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒚

solve these problems

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