xii 1st Semester Calculus Study Guide 2020
Outcome:
At the end of the course you should be
able to
determine the limit of a function at a point
use appropriate limit laws
establish whether a given function is con-
tinuous on its domain
find the derivative of a function
apply L’Hôpitals rule
apply the concepts of limits, continuity
and differentiation to sketch graphs of
functions
solve optimization problems
write down the antiderivatives of a func-
tion
evaluate integrals using integration tech-
niques
determine the area under a curve using
Riemann Sums
determine the area of a region using the
definite integral
compute areas of regions between curves
and volumes of solids
recognize the inverse properties of the
natural logarithmic and exponential func-
tions and other transcendental functions
evaluate integrals of more complicated
trigonometric and rational functions
identify improper integrals
investigate the convergence or divergence
of infinite sequences and series
represent certain functions as power se-
ries
find partial derivatives
solve ordinary first-order differential
equations
MATH1036
Assessment Criteria:
The outcome will be measured through your ability to
solve limits of functions numerically, graphically and al-
gebraically
use appropriate limit laws to determine whether a limit
exists and to find it
test whether a function is continuous from the left and
from the right and to identify any discontinuities
find derivatives of functions using the definition (by first
principles) and by differentiation rules and formulae
use L’Hôpitals rule to find certain limits of indeterminate
form
sketch curves by using the information about the inter-
val(s) on which the function is increasing/decreasing,
concave up/down together with the asymptotes of the
function
solve maxima/minima problems
find a function if the derivative of the function is given
use the Substitution Rule to evaluate indefinite integrals
calculate the area of a region that lies under the graph of
a continuous function using the areas of approximating
rectangles
evaluate definite integrals using the properties of the def-
inite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus
apply the definite integral to calculate volumes of solids
with known cross-sections and solids of revolutions
(disk and washer methods)
use the properties of the natural exponential function and
its inverse (the natural logarithmic function) to sketch
their graphs and compute their derivatives and integrals
use techniques of Integration by Parts, Trigonometric
Subsitution and Partial Fractions to evaluate more com-
plicated integrals
test the convergence or divergence of an improper inte-
gral
apply appropriate tests for convergence or divergence to
infinite sequences and series
use the power series, Taylor and Maclaurin series and
the binomial series to represent certain functions
find partial derivatives of functions in more than one
variable
recognize and solve separable, linear, homogeneous and
exact differential equations
MATH1036 1st Semester Calculus Study Guide 2020 xiii

YOU ARE EXPECTED TO BE ATTENTIVE AND ARE ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE CON-

STRUCTIVELY IN CLASS DISCUSSIONS.

ALWAYS BE DISCIPLINED IN YOUR BEHAVIOUR IN LECTURES AND SHOW CONSID-

ERATION TO YOUR FELLOW COLLEAGUES.

YOU MUST TAKE DOWN THE EXAMINABLE LECTURE NOTES. ALSO REMEMBER TO NOTE
THE SUBTLE SPOKEN HINTS AND THOSE HIGHLIGHTED ON THE CHALKBOARD OR OVER-
HEAD PROJECTOR!

Below is a block-by-block Calculus syllabus. The textbook reference is for Thomas Calculus 12th Ed,
but you can find equivalent sections in the other textbook.

Semester 1 Syllabus – Block 1:

Topic Sections Textbook Reference
Functions and Limits Limit of a function §2.2
One-sided limits, infinite limits & asymptotes §§2.4 & 2.6
Limit laws & trigonometric limits §§2.2 & 2.4
Continuity Continuous functions & discontinuities §2.5
Differentiation Limit definition §3.1
Tangents §3.1
The derivative as a function §3.2
Differentiation rules (product, quotient & chain) §§3.3 & 3.6
Derivative of trigonometric functions §3.5
Implicit differentiation §3.7
Differentiation of a x , loga x, e x and ln x §§3.3 & 3.8
Linear approximation & differentials §3.11
Introductory Integration Antidifferentiation §4.8
The indefinite & definite integral, FTC in brief §§5.3 & 5.4
Table of known integrals (trigonometric functions, §4.8
e x and ln x)
Substitution rule §5.6
Integration by parts §8.1
Number of lectures 28
FTC: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
xiv 1st Semester Calculus Study Guide 2020 MATH1036

Semester 1 Syllabus – Block 2:

Topic Sections Textbook Reference
Differentiation techniques Higher order derivatives §3.3
Inverse trig derivatives & integrals §3.8
Logarithmic differentiation §3.8
Applications of derivatives Indeterminate forms & L’Hôpital’s rule §4.5
Related rates §3.10
Extrema §4.1
Rolle’s Theorem & Mean Value Theorem §4.2
Curve sketching §§4.3 & 4.4
Optimisation §4.6
Hyperbolic functions Hyperbolic curves & indentities §7.3 Self-study
Hyperbolic derivatives and integrals Self-study
Inverse Hyperbolic functions & integrals Self-study
(Assignment 2)
Number of lectures 24

Semester 2 Syllabus – Block 3:

Topic Sections Textbook Reference
Integration Theory Riemann sums §§5.2 & 5.3
Area §§5.3 & 5.6
Solids of revolution §§6.1 & 6.2
Volumes by slicing §6.1
FTC revisited §5.4
Advanced Integration techniques Exponential & Log integrals
Integration by parts revisited §8.1
Trigonometric integrals §8.2
Trig substitution §8.3
Partial fractions §8.4
Number of lectures 21

Semester 2 Syllabus – Block 4:

Topic Sections Textbook Reference
Improper integrals Convergence & divergence §8.7
Sequences & series Sequences §10.1
Series §10.2
Convergence tests for series §§10.3-10.6
Power series §§10.7
Taylor and Maclaurin series §10.8
Binomial series §10.10
Differential equations Separable §7.2
Linear §9.2
Homogeneous
Exact
Number of lectures 18
Chapter 1

Functions and limits

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this chapter you should (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the skill)

 1. understand the concept of a limit of a function at a point intuitively,

 2. be able to estimate the value of a limit of a function at a given point by calculating function
values close to the given point,
 3. be able to evaluate the limit of a function at a given point graphically,
 4. understand and be able to calculate one-sided limits,
 5. know the behaviour of a function with infinite limits,
 6. understand and be able to determine vertical and horizontal asymptotes of a function,
 7. be able to compute limits of exponential functions,
 8. be able to use the appropriate Limit Laws to find the limit of a function at a given point,
 9. know how to prove that the limit of a function at a given point exists using one-sided limits,
 10. be able to use factorization and rationalization to calculate limits of rational functions,
 11. be able to use the Squeeze Theorem to calculate limits,
 12. know, understand and be able to prove the theorems on trigonometric limits given in these notes
on this section and
 13. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from these
notes on this chapter.

The single most important concept in all of calculus is that of a limit. Every single notion of calculus is
encapsulated in one sense or another to that of a limit. In this course, we will only consider an intuitive
and informal discussion of a limit of a function at a point. The precise approach to limits, using the
standard ε-δ definition is reserved for the second year Analysis course and will not be considered here.

1.1 The idea of a limit

Consider a function f defined near the point x = a, not necessarily at a itself. We wish to investigate
the behaviour of f for values x in the domain of f that are close to a. We first consider this numerically,
then graphically.

1
Chapter 3

Differentiation

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this chapter you should (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the skill)
 1. know the limit definition of the derivative of a function at a point,
 2. be able to find the derivative of a function using the definition (first principles),
 3. understand and be able to explain the concept of differentiability on an interval,
 4. be able to interpret and find the derivative at a point as the slope of a tangent line at that point,
 5. be able to interpret graphically non-differentiability of functions at a point,
 6. understand the relationship between differentiable and continuous functions,
 7. know how to find algebraically the derivative funtion f 0 from the given formula of f ,
 8. know how to find and sketch the derivative funtion f 0 from the graph of f ,
 9. know the proofs of the Derivative Rules,
 10. know and be able to calculate the derivative of a function using the Derivative Rules,
 11. know the derivatives of the trigonometric functions and know how to prove these derivatives,
 12. know the derivatives of the exponential functions a x and the logarithmic functions loga x,
 13. know the derivative of the natural exponential function e x and the natural logarithmic function
ln x,
 14. know and be able to apply the Chain Rule in differentiating composite functions,
 15. know how to approximate function values using linearization,
 16. know the concept of and know how to evaluate differentials,
 17. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from these
notes on this chapter.

3.1 First Principles

In evaluating limits, functional notation plays a convenient and important role.
1
Worked Example 3.1.1. Let f (x) = . Evaluate
(x + 1)2
f (5 + h) − f (5)
lim .
h→0 h
1 1
−
Hint: limh→0 f (5+h)− f (5)
= limh→0 [(5 + h) + 1]2 (5 + 1)2 .
h h

25
Chapter 4

Introduction to Integration

NOTE: Integration is particularly important to those students studying statistics as it is used widely in
continuous distributions.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this chapter you should (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the skill)
 1. know the definition of an antiderivative,
 2. be able to verify that a function is an antiderivative of a given function,
 3. understand the indefinite integral as an antiderivative,
 4. know the antiderivatives or integrals of all the known functions,
 5. know the properties of the definite integral,
 6. know how to apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) in computing a definite inte-
gral,
 7. know and understand how to use the Substitution Rule in evaluating a definite or indefinite
integral,
 8. know and understand how to use the technique of Integration by Parts (IBP) in evaluating a
definite or indefinite integral,
 9. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from these
notes on this chapter.

For a given function f we have been able to compute the (unique) derivative f 0 . In this Chapter we
consider the following question.

For a given function f , can we find a function (or functions) F such that F 0 (x) = f (x) for each x in
an interval?

4.1 Antidifferentiation and the Indefinite Integral

A function F is called an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ I.

Worked Example 4.1.1. Verify that F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x) in the following.
1. F(x) = −x cos x + sin x and f (x) = x sin x.
3 √
2. F(x) = 31 (x2 + 1) 2 and f (x) = x x2 + 1.

43
Chapter 5

Differentiation Techniques

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this chapter you should (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the skill)
 1. be able to find the higher order derivatives of a given function,
 2. be able to find the n -degree Taylor poynomial of a given function at a given point,
th

 3. be able to find the derivative of the inverse f of a given invertible function f at a given point
−1
−1

without deriving the formula for f ,

 4. be able to find and know the proofs of the derivatives (and integrals) of the inverse trigonometric
functions,
 5. be able to use the technique of logarithmic differentiation to evaluate derivatives involving com-
plicated products, quotients or powers,
 6. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from these
notes on this chapter.

5.1 Higher Order Derivatives and Taylor Polynomials

Since the derivative f 0 of a function f is itself a function, we may consider successive derivatives of
functions. The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative, the derivative of the
second derivative is the third derivative, etc. We use the following notations for y = f (x).

dy
1st derivative y0 = f 0 y(1) = f (1)
dx
d dy d2 y
Å ã
2nd derivative = 2 y00 = f 00 y(2) = f (2)
dx dx dx
d d y d3 y
Ç 2 å
3rd derivative = y000 = f 000 y(3) = f (3)
dx dx2 dx3
.. .. ..
. . .
d y dn y
Ç n−1 å
d
th
n derivative = y(n) = f (n)
dx dxn−1 dxn

52
Chapter 6

Applications of Differentiation

ln this chapter we will consider some of the applications of the knowledge of the various differentation
techniques that you have acquired in the previous chapters.

6.1 Indeterminate Forms and l’Hôpital’s Rule

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this section you should be able to (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the
skill)
 1. identify an indeterminate form of a limit,
 2. use l’Hôpitals Rule in evaluating limits of indeterminate forms , , 1 , 0 · ∞, 0 , ∞ , ∞ − ∞,
0 ∞
0 ∞
∞ 0 0

 3. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from the
notes on this section.

Theorem 6.1 (l’Hôpital’s Rule). Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions and g0 , 0 near x = a
(except possibly at a). Suppose that

lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0

x→a x→a

or that
lim f (x) = ±∞ and lim g(x) = ±∞.
x→a x→a
0 ∞
(In other words, we have an indeterminate form of the type 0 or ∞ ). Then

f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

if the limit on the right hand side exists (or is ∞ or −∞).

The theorem also applies to one-sided limits.

2x2 − 2
Worked Example 6.1.1 (Type 00 ). 1. lim .
x→−1 x + 1
e2x − 1
2. lim .
x→0 e x − 1

62
Chapter 7

Hyperbolic Functions

This chapter is for self-study during the break between Semester One and Semester Two. You will not
be given any formal lectures on this examinable chapter, but you are welcome to ask your lecturers and
tutors for help. The reference for the section on hyperbolic functions is Thomas, Section 7.3 or 7.4
(depending on which edition you are using) or Stewart, Section 6.7 or 7.6 (depending on which edition
you are using).

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
On completion of this section you should (tick the checkbox when you have mastered the skill)
 1. know the definitions of the hyperbolic functions sinh x, cosh x, tanh x, sech x, coth x and cosech x
and know the sketches of the graphs of sinh x, cosh x and tanh x given on page 524 of Thomas,
 2. know the hyperbolic identities and their derivations given on page 525 of Thomas,
 3. know the derivatives (and the proofs) of the hyperbolic functions given on pages 525–526 of
Thomas,
 4. know the inverse hyperbolic functions sinh x, cosh x and tanh x and their sketches given
−1 −1 −1

on page 527 of Thomas,

 5. know how to express the inverse hyperbolic√ functions in terms of natural √ logarithms, i. e., know
ã and use sinh x = ln(x + x + 1), cosh x = ln(x + x − 1) and tanh x =
−1 2 −1 2 −1
how Åto prove
1 1+x
ln ,
2 1−x
 6. know the derivatives (and the proofs) of the inverse hyperbolic functions given on pages 528–
529 of Thomas and know how to use the inverse hyperbolic functions in integration techniques
as given on page 530 of Thomas,
 7. know how to solve the examinable tutorial problems and the worked out problems from Thomas
on this section.

Tutorial 7.0.1. 1. Thomas Exercises 11th ed. 7.4, pp. 530–531: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 23,
25, 27, 31, 37, 40, 41, 45, 55, 61, 62 or 12th ed. 7.3, pp. 441–442: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 23,
25, 27, 31, 37, 40, 41, 45, 55, 61, 62.
2. Prove the following formulas:
√
(a) sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1),
√
(b) cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1),
1 1+x
Å ã
(c) tanh x = ln
−1
.
2 1−x

84