Benha University 3rd Year (Mechanical Power)

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 2014/2015

Mechanical Engineering Department Sheet (5)
Measurements & Measuring Instrumentations

1. What is meant by time delay, phase shift, magnitude ratio, settling time, and peak time?

2. A certain thermometer has a time constant of 𝟏𝟓 sec and is subjected to a very slow
harmonic disturbance having a frequency of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 Hz. What is the time delay in the
response of the thermometer and how much does the steady-state amplitude response
decrease? Estimate any dynamic error that could be result.

3. A certain thermometer has a time constant of 𝟏𝟎 sec and is subjected to a very slow
harmonic temperature variation of amplitude of 𝟐𝟎℃ and a frequency of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 Hz. What is
the phase lag of the thermometer and the amplitude attenuation?

4. A first order system has a phase shift of −𝟓𝟎° at a certain frequency. What will be the
phase lag at frequency of twice this value? What will be the relative amplitude response at
the two frequencies?

5. A first-order instrument with a time constant of 𝟐 𝐬 is to be used to measure a periodic

input. If a dynamic error of 𝟐% can be tolerated, determine the maximum frequency of
periodic input that can be measured. What is the associated time lag (in seconds) at this
frequency?

6. A temperature sensor is to be selected to measure temperature within a reaction vessel. It

is suspected that the temperature will behave as a simple periodic waveform with a
frequency somewhere between 𝟏 and 𝟓 Hz. Sensors of several sizes are available, each
with a known time constant. Based on time constant, select a suitable sensor, assuming
that a dynamic error of 𝟐% is acceptable.

7. A sinusoidal forced function is impressed on the shown system. The natural frequency is
100 Hz, and the damping ratio (𝐂⁄𝐂𝐜 ) is 0.7. Calculate the amplitude ratio and time lag of
the system for an input frequency of 40 Hz (the time lag is the time interval to reach
between the maximum force input and maximum displacement output).

8. A second order pressure sensor has an un-damped natural frequency of 300 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬,
damping ratio of 0.1 and static sensitivity of 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐕⁄𝐍 /𝐦𝟐 . Its output is connected to
another second order recording device having an un-damped natural frequency of
400 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬, damping ratio of 0.5 and static sensitivity of 𝟓 𝐦𝐦/𝐦𝐕. The input is harmonic
pressure signal of amplitude 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 and frequency 𝟑𝟎 Hz. Find the value of output
amplitude recorded and the phase difference.

-1-
9. For a natural frequency of 100 Hz, and a damping ratio of 0.7, compute the input
frequency range for which the system in the figure will have an amplitude ratio of 𝟏 ±
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏.

10. A pressure transducer has a damping ratio of 𝟎. 𝟑 and natural frequency of 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳.
Determine frequency range for which the amplitude dynamic error will be less than 𝟏𝟎
percent.

11. A pressure transducer operating as a second-order system is to be used to measure a

signal at 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳. To select the transducer, we shall choose one with a natural frequency of
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳. What damping ratio 𝐂/𝐂𝐜 must be selected so that the dynamic error of the
amplitude response is less than 𝟐 percent?

-2-
2- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐇𝐳 𝛃 =? ? Ф =? ? 𝐌 =? ? 𝛅 =? ?
Solution
𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅 = 𝟐𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐬𝐞𝐜 ∴ 𝛚𝛕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟓 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝐫𝐚𝐝

Ф −𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟔
∴ Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝛕 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟓) ≅ −𝟒𝟑. 𝟑° 𝛃= = ≅ −𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝛚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝛅 = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) = ±(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟕 − 𝟏) ≅ ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟑
√𝟏 + (𝛚𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟓)𝟐

3- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐀 = 𝟐𝟎℃ 𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐇𝐳
Ф =? ? 𝛃 =? ? 𝐌 =? ?
Solution
𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐬 Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝛕 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎) ≅ −𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒°

Ф −𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝛃= = ≅ −𝟖. 𝟗𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝛚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟕
√𝟏 + (𝛚𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎)𝟐

4- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 Ф𝟏 = −𝟓𝟎°
𝐅𝟐 = 𝟐𝐅𝟏 Ф𝟐 =? ? 𝐌𝟏 =? ? 𝐌𝟐 =? ?
Solution
Ф𝟏 = −𝟓𝟎 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝟏 𝛕 ∴ 𝛚𝟏 𝛕 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝐫𝐚𝐝

𝐅𝟐 = 𝟐𝐅𝟏 ∴ 𝛚𝟐 = 𝟐𝛚𝟏 ∴ 𝛚𝟐 𝛕 = 𝟐𝛚𝟏 𝛕 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝐫𝐚𝐝

∴ Ф𝟐 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝟐 𝛕 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟒) ≅ −𝟔𝟕. 𝟐𝟒°

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌𝟏 = = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟑 𝐌𝟐 = = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕
√𝟏 + (𝛚𝟏 𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟐)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝛚𝟐 𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟒)𝟐

5- Given:
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛕 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝛅 = ±𝟐% = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 =? ? 𝛃 =? ?
Solution
𝛅 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) ∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝐌 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐

But, for first order system, M can not be greater than 1.

∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝐌 ≤ 𝟏 𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝛅𝐦𝐚𝐱 → 𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐌𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 = = ∴ 𝟏 + 𝟒𝛚𝟐𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 ∴ 𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐬𝐞𝐜
√𝟏 + (𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝟒𝛚𝟐𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅 ∴ 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝐇𝐳
𝟐𝛑 𝟐𝛑

Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝛕 ∴ Ф𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝛕 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟐) ≅ −𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟑° = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝐫𝐚𝐝

Ф𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟏

∴ 𝛃𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = = ≅ −𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 𝐬
𝛚𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐

-3-
6- Given:
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝟏≤𝐅≤𝟓
𝛕 =? ? 𝛅 = ±𝟐% = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Solution
𝛅 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) ∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝐌 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐

But, for first order system, M can not be greater than 1.

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝐌 ≤ 𝟏 ∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ ≤𝟏 ∴ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ ≤𝟏
√𝟏 + (𝛚𝛕)𝟐 √𝟏 + (𝟐𝛑𝐅𝛕)𝟐

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟏 → 𝟏 + (𝟐𝛑𝐅𝛕)𝟐 = 𝟏 ∴𝛕=𝟎

𝟏
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 → = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ∴ 𝟏 + (𝟐𝛑𝐅𝛕)𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 ∴ 𝐅𝛕 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟖
√𝟏 + (𝟐𝛑𝐅𝛕)𝟐

∵ 𝐋𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 → 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐅 = 𝟓 𝐇𝐳 ∴ 𝛕 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝐬 ≅ 𝟔. 𝟒 𝐦𝐬

∴ 𝐒𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝛕 ≤ 𝟔. 𝟒 𝐦𝐬

7- Given
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐅𝐧 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳
𝛏 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝐌 =? ? 𝛃 =? ?
𝐅 = 𝟒𝟎 𝐇𝐳
Solution
𝛚𝐧 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅𝐧 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝐅 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝐅 )] √[𝟏 − ( 𝟒𝟎 ) ] + [𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 ( 𝟒𝟎 )]
𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝛚 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝛚 )]
𝛚𝐧 𝛚𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝛚
𝟐𝛏 ( )
Ф −𝟏 𝛚𝐧
𝛃= Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [ ]
𝛚 𝛚 𝟐
𝟏−( )
𝛚𝐧
𝐅 𝟒𝟎
𝟐𝛏 ( ) 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 ( )
−𝟏 𝐅𝐧 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐
= − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [ 𝟐
] = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟗° ≅ −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝐅 𝟒𝟎
[𝟏 − (𝐅𝐧 ) ] 𝟏−(
𝟏𝟎𝟎
)

Ф Ф −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖
∴𝛃= = = ≅ −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ≅ −𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦𝐬
𝛚 𝟐𝛑𝐅 𝟐 ∗ 𝛑 ∗ 𝟒𝟎

8- Given
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛚𝐧𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐬
𝛏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐊 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐕⁄𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
𝛚𝐧𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐬 𝛏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝐊 𝟐 = 𝟓 𝐦𝐦/𝐦𝐕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦/𝐕 𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
𝐅 = 𝟑𝟎 𝐇𝐳 𝐲 =? ? Ф =? ?
Solution
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐲
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 ≡ 𝐊 = 𝐊 𝟏 ∗ 𝐊 𝟐 = =
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐀
𝐍 𝐕 𝐦𝐦
∴ 𝐲 (𝐦𝐦) = 𝐀 ∗ 𝐊 𝟏 ∗ 𝐊 𝟐 ≡ ∗ ∗ ≡ 𝐦𝐦
𝐦𝟐 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 𝐕

-4-
∴ 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅 = 𝟐𝛑 ∗ 𝟑𝟎 ≅ 𝟔𝟎𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬

𝛚𝟏 𝛚
𝟐𝛏𝟏 ( ) 𝟐𝛏𝟐 ( 𝟐 )
−𝟏 𝛚𝐧𝟏 −𝟏 𝛚𝐧𝟐
Ф = Ф𝟏 + Ф𝟐 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [ ] − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [ ]
𝛚 𝟐 𝛚 𝟐
𝟏−( 𝟏) 𝟏−( 𝟐)
𝛚𝐧𝟏 𝛚𝐧𝟐

𝟔𝟎𝛑 𝟔𝟎𝛑
𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏 ( ) 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓 ( )
∴ Ф = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
[ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 −𝟏
] − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [ 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ] ≅ −𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟑° − 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟏° ≅ −𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟒°
𝟐 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝛑 𝟔𝟎𝛑
𝟏−( ) 𝟏−( )
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎

9- Given
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐅𝐧 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳
𝛏 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝐌 = 𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝐅 =? ?
Solution
𝛚𝐧 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅𝐧 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝐅 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝐅 )]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝛚 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝛚 )] √[𝟏𝟎 −𝟒 𝐅 ] + 𝟏. 𝟒𝐅𝟒
𝛚𝐧 𝛚𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = =
√ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟐∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝐅𝟒 𝟏. 𝟒𝐅 𝟐 √𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟐∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐅𝟐 + 𝐅𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐅 𝟐 √ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝐅 𝟒
+ +
𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟖

𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝐌𝟐 = ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖 =
𝐅𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐌𝟐

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖 = ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟏 ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐅 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟏 = 𝟎
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟗)𝟐
∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝐎𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐅 𝟐 = −𝒗𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 (𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞)
∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟏 𝐇𝐳

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖 = ≅ 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 = 𝟎
(𝟏. 𝟎𝟏)𝟐
∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 ∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝐇𝐳
Or
∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 ∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝐇𝐳

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝐇𝐳 ≤ 𝐅 ≤ 𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟏 𝐇𝐳

-5-
10- Given
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛏 = 𝟎. 𝟑
𝐅𝐧 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳 𝐅 =? ?
𝛅 = ±𝟏𝟎% = ±𝟎. 𝟏
Solution
𝛅 = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) = ±𝟎. 𝟏 ∴ 𝐌 = 𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟏

𝛚𝐧 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅𝐧 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝐅 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝐅 )]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝛚 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝛚 )] √[𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 𝐅 ] + 𝟎. 𝟔𝐅 𝟔
𝛚𝐧 𝛚𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= =
√𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝐅𝟒 𝟎. 𝟔𝐅 𝟐 √𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝐅 𝟒
+
𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

𝐌𝟐 = ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 =
𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝐌𝟐

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟎. 𝟗
𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 = ≅ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 − 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎
(𝟎. 𝟗)𝟐
∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟕 𝐎𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐅 𝟐 = −𝒗𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 (𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞)

∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟖 𝐇𝐳

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟏. 𝟏
𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 =
(𝟏. 𝟏)𝟐 ∴ 𝐅 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐅 𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟐
≅ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎

∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟗 ∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝐇𝐳
Or
∴ 𝐅 𝟐 ≅ 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 ∴ 𝐅 ≅ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝐇𝐳

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝐇𝐳 ≤ 𝐅 ≤ 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟖 𝐇𝐳

-6-
11- Given
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐅 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳
𝐅𝐧 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳 𝛏 =? ?
𝛅 = ±𝟐% = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Solution
𝛅 = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) = ±(𝐌 − 𝟏) = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 ∴ 𝐌 = 𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝛚𝐧 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅𝐧 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝐅 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝐅 )] √[𝟏 − ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝟓𝟎𝟎 )]
𝟐 𝟐
√[𝟏 − ( 𝛚 ) ] + [𝟐𝛏 ( 𝛚 )]
𝛚𝐧 𝛚𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝐅𝐧 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝐌= 𝐌𝟐 =
√𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝛏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝛏𝟐

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
𝟏
𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝛏𝟐 = ≅ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐 ∴ 𝛏 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟖)𝟐
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐
𝟏
𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝛏𝟐 = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟐 ∴ 𝛏 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟓
(𝟏. 𝟎𝟐)𝟐

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝐇𝐳 ≤ 𝛏 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐

-7-