Benha University 3rd Year (Mechanical Power)

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 2014/2015

Mechanical Engineering Department Sheet (4)
Measurements & Measuring Instrumentations

1. What is meant by time constant and rise time?

2. Suppose a bulb thermometer originally indicating 𝟐𝟎℃ is suddenly exposed to a fluid

temperature of 𝟑𝟕℃. Develop a model that simulates the thermometer output response. If
the thermometer has a time constant of 20 ms and subjected to a step change in input,
calculate the 𝟗𝟎% rise time.

3. A thermometer has a time constant of 10 seconds and behaves as a first order system. It is
initially at a temperature of 𝟑𝟎℃ and then suddenly subjected to a surroundings
temperature of 𝟏𝟐𝟎℃, calculate the 𝟗𝟎% rise time and the time to attain 𝟗𝟗% of the steady
state temperature.

4. A thermometer acting as a first-order system is initially at a temperature of 𝟑𝟓℃ and is

suddenly subjected to a temperature of 𝟏𝟏𝟎℃. After 8 sec, the thermometer indicates a
temperature of 𝟕𝟓℃. Calculate the time constant and the 90 percent rise time for the
thermometer.

5. A temperature-measuring device approximates a first order. When subjected to a

temperature of 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎℃ shows a temperature of 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃ after 𝟓 seconds. Estimate the
time constant of the device. What temperature would it indicates after a time equals to
five time constant?

6. A thermistor-type temperature sensor is found to behave as a first-order system, and its

experimentally determined time constant 𝛕 is 𝟎. 𝟒 s. The resistance temperature relation
for the thermistor is given as:
𝟏 𝟏
𝐑 = 𝐑 𝐨 𝐞𝐱𝐩 [𝛃 ( − )]
𝐓 𝐓𝐨
Where 𝛃 has been experimentally determined to be 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 K. This temperature sensor is to
be used to measure the temperature of a fluid by suddenly immersing the thermistor into
the fluid medium.
(a) How long one must wait to ensure that the thermometer reading will be in error by no
more than 𝟓 percent of the step change in temperature?
(b) Determine the sensitivity of the thermometer at a temperature of 𝟑𝟎𝟎 K if the
resistance R is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Ω at this temperature.
2- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎℃
𝐓∞ = 𝟑𝟕℃ 𝐓(𝐭) =? ?
𝛕 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐬 𝐭 𝐑 =? ?

Solution

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲: ∴ 𝐐𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐐𝐬𝐭

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐰𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
∴ 𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐐𝐠 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐓
∴ 𝐐𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐𝐬𝐭 ∴ 𝐡𝐀𝐬 [𝐓∞ − 𝐓(𝐭)] = 𝛒𝐕𝐂
𝐝𝐭

𝛒𝐕𝐂 𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓 𝛒𝐕𝐂
∴ 𝐓∞ − 𝐓(𝐭) = ∴ 𝐓∞ − 𝐓(𝐭) = 𝛕 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝛕 =
𝐡𝐀𝐬 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐡𝐀𝐬

𝐝𝛉 −𝐝𝐓
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝛉 = 𝐓∞ − 𝐓(𝐭) ∴ =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭

𝐝𝛉 𝐝𝛉 −𝟏
∴ 𝛉 = −𝛕 ∴ = 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐭 𝛉 𝛕
𝛉(𝐭)
𝐝𝛉 −𝟏 𝐭 𝛉(𝐭) 𝐓∞ − 𝐓(𝐭) −𝐭
∴∫ = ∫ 𝐝𝐭 ∴ 𝐥𝐧 𝛉(𝐭) − 𝐥𝐧 𝛉𝟎 = 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧 =
𝛉𝟎 𝛉 𝛕 𝟎 𝛉𝟎 𝐓∞ − 𝐓𝟎 𝛕

𝐓(𝐭) − 𝐓∞
∴ = 𝐞−𝐭⁄𝛕 ∴ 𝐓(𝐭) = 𝐓∞ + (𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞ )𝐞−𝐭⁄𝛕
𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞

∴ 𝐓(𝐭) = 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟏𝟕𝐞−𝐭⁄𝛕

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟐𝟎 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 ≅ 𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐬

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟐𝟎 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 ≅ 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐬

∴ 𝐭 𝐑 = 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 − 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 ≅ 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐬

3- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛕 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐓𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎℃ 𝐓∞ = 𝟏𝟐𝟎℃
Ґ𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟏 Ґ𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝐭 𝐑 =? ? 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟎𝟏 =? ?
Solution

𝐓(𝐭) − 𝐓∞
Ґ(𝐭) = = 𝐞−𝐭⁄𝛕
𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟏𝟎 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 ≅ 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟏𝟎 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜

∴ 𝐭 𝐑 = 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 − 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 ≅ 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟎𝟏 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟎𝟏
∴ 𝐅𝐨𝐫 Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟏𝟎 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟎𝟏 ≅ 𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜

4- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐓𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓℃
𝐓∞ = 𝟏𝟏𝟎℃ 𝐭 = 𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐓(𝐭) = 𝟕𝟓℃ 𝛕 =? ? 𝐭 𝐑 =? ?

Solution
𝐓(𝐭) − 𝐓∞ −𝐭 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟕 −𝟖
Ґ(𝐭) = =𝐞𝛕 ∴ ≅ =𝐞𝛕 ∴ 𝛕 ≅ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞ 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟏𝟎.𝟓 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 ≅ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐜

−𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 −𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝐞 𝛕 =𝐞 𝟏𝟎.𝟓 ∴ 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜

∴ 𝐭 𝐑 = 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟏 − 𝐭 Ґ=𝟎.𝟗 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 ≅ 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 𝐬𝐞𝐜

5- Given
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓℃
𝐓∞ = 𝟏𝟓𝟎℃ 𝐓𝟏 (𝐭) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃
𝐭 𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛕 =? ? 𝐓𝟐 (𝐭) =? ? 𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟓𝛕

Solution
𝐓𝟏 (𝐭) − 𝐓∞ −𝐭 𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎 −𝟓
Ґ𝟏 = =𝐞 𝛕 ∴ Ґ𝟏 = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝐞 𝛕 ∴ 𝛕 ≅ 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞ 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎

𝐓𝟐 (𝐭) − 𝐓∞ −𝐭 𝟐 𝐓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
Ґ𝟐 = =𝐞 𝛕 ∴ Ґ𝟐 = = 𝐞−𝟓 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖 ∴ 𝐓𝟐 ≅ 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟏𝟔℃
𝐓𝟎 − 𝐓∞ 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎

6- Given:
𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝛕 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐬
𝛃 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐊 𝐭 =? ?
Ґ(𝐭) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝐊 =? ?
𝐓(𝐭) = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐊 𝐑 𝐓=𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐊 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Ω

Solution
∵ Ґ(𝐭) = 𝐞−𝐭⁄𝛕 = 𝐞−𝐭⁄𝟎.𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∴ 𝐭 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟖 𝐬 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐬

𝛛𝐑 𝛛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛃( − ) 𝛃( − ) −𝛃 −𝐑 𝛃 −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐊= | = [𝐑 𝐨 𝐞 𝐓 𝐓𝐨 ] = 𝐑 𝐨 𝐞 𝐓 𝐓𝐨 ( 𝟐 ) = = ≅ −𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 Ω⁄𝐊
𝛛𝐓 𝐓 𝛛𝐓 𝐓 𝐓𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟐