Introductory Concepts and

Definition – Sample Problems

THERMO1

B Y: N E I L S T E P H E N L O P E Z
DLSU MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A S R E F E R E N C E D F R O M F U N D A M E N TA L S O F E N G I N E E R I N G T H E R M O D Y N A M I C S B Y M . M O R A N
AND H. SHAPIRO
 Sample Problems

1.3. Sketch possible system

boundaries for studying
each of the following
a) A bicycle tire inflating
b) A kettle of water boiling
c) A household refrigerator
in operation
d) A rocket launching
 Sample Problems
Electricity in/out
1.4. Electric current from a
storage battery runs an electric
motor. The shaft of the motor is Work out
connected to a pulley-mass
assembly that raises a mass. Heat out
Considering the motor as a
system, identify locations on
the system boundary where the
system interacts with its
surroundings and describe
changes that occur within the
system with time. Repeat for an
enlarged system that also
includes the battery and pulley-
mass assembly.
Heat out
 Sample Problems
1.7. A system consists of
liquid water in equilibrium
with a gaseous mixture of
air and water vapor. How
many phases are present?
Does the system consist of
a pure substance? Explain.
• 2 phases, because of non-uniform
chemical composition. Air is only
present at the top of the system. At the
bottom, it is purely water. The system
has inhomogeneous physical structure
as well.
• 2 pure substances as well, because of
non-uniform chemical composition.
 Sample Problems

1.10. A dish of liquid water is

placed on a table in a
room. After a while, all of
the water evaporates.
Taking the water and the
air in the room to be a
closed system, can the
system be regarded as a
It cannot be regarded as a pure substance
pure substance during the during evaporation, as water vapor is not
process? After the process yet uniformly distributed inside the room.
is completed? Discuss. After process completion, water vapor will
be uniformly dispersed inside the room,
allowing it to be regarded as a pure
substance.
 Sample Problems

1.11. An object has a mass of W = mg

20kg. Determine its = (20kg)(9.78m/s2)
= 195.6 N
weight, in N, at a location
where the acceleration of
gravity is 9.78 m/s2.
 Sample Problems

1.14. Atomic and molecular

weights of some common nair = mair/Mair
substances are listed in mair = nairMair
Appendix Table A-1. Using = (50kmol)(28.97kg/kmol)
= 1448.5 kg
data from the appropriate
table, determine the mass, in mC = 600.5 kg
kg, of 50 kmol of each of the mH2O = 901 kg
following: air, C, H2O, CO2. mCO2 = 2200.5 kg

Chemical Molecular Weight

Substance
Formula (kg/kmol)
Air ------- 28.97
Carbon C 12.01
Water H2 O 18.02
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01
 Sample Problems
1.15. When an object of
mass 1.5kg is suspended
from a spring, the spring is
observed to stretch by
3cm. The deflection of the
spring is related linearly to
the weight of the
suspended mass. What is
the proportionality
constant, in newton per
cm, if g=9.81 m/s2?
F = kx ---- spring equation
W = mg ---- weight equation
1.5kg Where:
F = force exerted by spring
k = spring proportionality
constant
x = length of deflection of
spring
W = weight of suspended object
m = mass of suspended object
g = acceleration due to gravity
•The spring is reacting to the weight of the
object. The force it is exerting is exactly equal to
the weight of the suspended object above it.
Therefore:
F=W
kx = mg
k (3cm) = (1.5kg)(9.81m/s2)
k = 4.905 N/cm
 Sample Problems

1.17. An object whose mass is weight

3kg is subjected to an applied Net

upward force. The only other 3kg acceleration
force acting on the object is = 7 m/s2
Upward force
the force of gravity. The net
acceleration of the object is
ΣFY = Upward force – Weight = 3kg(net accel)
upward with a magnitude of
7 m/s2. The acceleration of Upward force = (3kg)(9.81m/s2) +
gravity is 9.81 m/s2. (3kg)(7m/s2)
Determine the magnitude of = 50.43 N
the applied upward force, in
N.
 Sample Problems

1.20. A tank contains 0.3 kmol n = m/M

of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. m = nM

The volume occupied by the = (0.3 kmol)(44.01 kg/kmol)
= 13.203 kg
gas is 2.5 m3. Determine the
mass of CO2, in kg, and the ρ = m/V
specific volume on a molar = 13.203 kg / 2.5 m3
= 5.28 kg/m3
basis, m3/kmol.
Chemical Molecular Weight v = 1/ ρ = 0.189 m3/kg
Substance
Formula (kg/kmol)
Air ------- 28.97 v = Mv
Carbon C 12.01 = (44.01 kg/kmol)(0.189 m3/kg)
Water H2O 18.02 = 8.318 m3/kmol
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01
 Sample Problems

1.21. The following table lists temperatures Sample Interpolation:

and specific volumes of water vapor at two
pressures: 240 — 200 = 2.359 — 2.172
p = 0.1 MPa p = 0.12 MPa
280 – 200 X – 2.172
T (°C) v (m3/kg) T (°C) v (m3/kg)
200 2.172 200 1.808 Then, solve for x and you should get
240 2.359 240 1.965 2.546 in the example above.
280 2.546 280 2.120
a) 0.113 – 0.1 = v – 2.172__
0.12 – 0.1 1.808 – 2.172
Data encountered in solving problems often v = 1.935 m3/kg
do not fall exactly on the grid of values
provided by the property tables, and linear
interpolation between adjacent table b) T -200 = 1.85 – 1.808
entries becomes necessary. Using the data 240 – 200 1.965 – 1.808
provided, estimate:
T = 210.7 °C
a) The specific volume at T = 200°C, p =
0.113 Mpa, in m3/kg
b) The temperature at p = 0.12 Mpa, v =
1.85 m3/kg, in °C
 Sample Problems

1.22. A closed system pv1.3 = constant

consisting of 2kg of a gas
undergoes a process p1v11.3 = p2v21.3
(1bar)(0.5m3/kg)1.3 = (0.25bar)(v2)1.3
during which the v21.3 = (1bar)(0.5m3/kg)1.3 /(0.25bar)
relationship between v2 = 1.452 m3
pressure and specific
volume is pv1.3 = constant.
The process begins with p1
= 1 bar, v1 = 0.5 m3/kg and
ends with p2 = 0.25 bar.
Determine the final
volume, in m3.
 Sample Problems
1.25. The absolute pressure
inside a tank is 0.2 bar, and
the surrounding
atmospheric pressure is
101 kPa. What reading
would a Bourdon gauge
mounted in the tank wall
give, in kPa? Is this a gauge
or vacuum reading?
Pabs-tank = Patm + Pgauge
0.2bar = 101kPa + Pgauge
***1 bar = 100kPa***
20kPa = 101kPa + Pgauge
Pgauge = 20kPa – 101kPa
= -81 kPa
It is a vacuum reading since it is
negative.
 Sample Problems

1.28. A vacuum gauge indicates Patm = ρgL

= (13590 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(0.75m)
that the pressure of air in a = 99.988 kPa
closed chamber is 0.2 bar
Pabs-chamber = Patm – Pvac
(vacuum). The pressure of = 99.98 kPa – 20 kPa
the surrounding atmosphere = 79.98 kPa
is equivalent to a 750-mm
column of mercury. The
density of mercury is 13.59
g/cm3, and the acceleration
of gravity is 9.81 m/s2.
Determine the absolute
pressure within the chamber,
in bars.
 Sample Problems
Pgauge-out
1.29. Ammonia vapor enters
the compressor of a in out
refrigerator system at an compressor
absolute pressure of 0.82 bar.
A pressure gauge at the
compressor exit indicates a
pressure of 16.2 bars Pabs-out = Patm + Pgauge-out
= 1 bar + 16.2 bar
(gauge). The atmospheric = 17.2 bar
pressure in 1.0 bar.
Determine the change in Change in abs pressure from inlet to exit
absolute pressure from inlet = 17.2 bar – 0.82 bar
= 16.38 bar
to exit, in bars.
 Sample Problems

1.30. Determine the absolute

Pobj = Patm + ρgL
pressure exerted on an = 98kPa + (1020kg/m3)(9.7m/s2)(1000m)
object submerged 1000m = 98kPa + 9894kPa
= 9992 kPa or 99.92 bar
below the surface of the
sea, in bars. The density of
seawater in 1020 kg/m3
and the acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.7 m/s2. The
local atmospheric pressure
is 0.98 bar.
 Exercises

Draw 1 system (anything you 1.8. A system consists of

like), define the system liquid oxygen in
boundaries and identify equilibrium with oxygen
the interactions with the vapor. How many phases
are present? The system
surroundings. undergoes a process
during which some of the
liquid is vaporized. Can the
system be viewed as being
a pure substance during
the process? Explain.
 Exercises

1.9. A system consisting of 1.12. An object whose mass

liquid water undergoes a is 10kg weighs 90N.
process. At the end of the Determine:
process, some of the liquid a) The local acceleration of
water has frozen, and the gravity, in m/s2.
system contains liquid b) The mass, in kg, and the
water and ice. Can the weight, in N, of the
system be viewed as being object at a location
a pure substance during where g = 9.81 m/s2.
the process? Explain.
 Exercises

1.13. An object occupies a 1.16. Acceleration is

volume of 0.8m3 and
weighs 100N at a location
where the acceleration of
gravity is 10.0 m/s2.
Determine its weight, in N,
and its average density, in
kg/m3, on the moon,
where g = 1.7 m/s2.
sometimes measured in
G’s, or multiples of the
standard acceleration of
gravity. Determine the net
upward force, in N, that an
astronaut whose mass is
68kg experiences if the
acceleration on lift-off is 10
G’s.
 Exercises

1.18. The weight of an object 1.23. 1kg of a refrigerant is

on an orbiting space
vehicle is measured to be
42N based on an artificial
gravitational acceleration
of 6 m/s2. What is the
weight of the object, in N,
on earth where g = 9.81
m/s2?
contained in a piston-cylinder
assembly. The refrigerant is
compressed from state 1,
where p1 = 2 bars, v1 = 83.54
cm3/g, to state 2, where p2 =
10 bars, v2 = 21.34 cm3/g.
During the process, the
relationship between
pressure and specific volume
is of the form pvn = constant.
Determine the value of the
constant n.
 Exercises

1.24. A manometer is attached to 1.26. Determine the gauge

a tank of gas in which the
pressure is greater than that of pressure, in bars,
the surroundings. The equivalent to a manometer
manometer liquid is mercury,
with a density of 13.59 g/cm3. reading of 1cm of:
The difference in mercury levels
in the manometer is 2cm. The a) Water (density = 1000
acceleration of gravity is g = kg/m3)
9.81 m/s2. The atmospheric
pressure is 93kPa. Calculate in b) Mercury (the density of
kPa: mercury is 13.59 times
a) The gauge pressure of the gas
that of water)
b) The absolute pressure of the
gas
 Exercises

1.27. Figure to the right shows a

tank within a tank, each
containing air. Pressure gauge A
is located inside tank B and
reads 1.4 bar. The U-tube
manometer connected to tank
B contains mercury. Using data
on the diagram, determine the
absolute pressures inside tank
A and tank B, each in bars. The
atmospheric pressure 1.34. Convert the following temperatures
from °C to K:
surrounding tank B is 101 kPa. a) 21°C; b) 0°C; c) -50°C;
The acceleration of gravity is g = d) 300°C; e) 100°C;
9.81 m/s2. f) -273.15 °C
 Homework

1.36. The relation between resistance 1.37. Over the limited temperature
R and temperature T for a range, the relation between electrical
thermistor closely follows: resistance R and temperature T for a
resistance temperature detector is:
R = R0 exp[ϐ(1/T – 1/T0)] R = R0[1 + α(T-T0)]
Where: R0 is the resistance, in ohms Where: R0 is the resistance in ohms (Ω),
(Ω), measured at temperature T0 measured at reference temperature
(K) and ϐ is a material constant T0 (in °C) and α is a material constant
with units of K. For a particular with units of (°C)-1. The following data are
thermistor, R0 = 2.2 Ω at T0 = 310K. obtained for a particular resistance
From a calibration test, it is found thermometer:
that R = 0.31 Ω at T = 422K. T(°C) R(Ω)
Determine the value of ϐ for the Test 1 0 51.39
thermistor and make a plot of Test 2 91 51.72
resistance versus temperature.
What resistance reading would correspond to
a temperature of 50°C on this
thermometer?
 Homework
1.38. A new absolute
temperature scale is
proposed. On this scale the
ice point of water is 150°S
and the steam point is
300°S. Determine the
temperatures in °C that
correspond to 100° and
400°S, respectively.
1.39. As shown in the figure below, water
vapor drives through a valve and enters a
turbine. The turbine drives an electrical
generator. Mass exits the turbine at a rate
of 10,000 kg/h. Using data from the figure
as needed:
a) Convert the rate of mass flow to kg/s
b) Express p2 in Mpa
c) Express T1 in K
d) Express P1 in bars
 Homework

 What is the advantage of an inclined manometer versus

an ordinary U-tube manometer?