Fluid Mechanics 1

1 ‫ميكانيكا الموائع‬
“Code: ENE103 & NENE103 & MPE103”

Solution of Mid-term Exam 2

May 2023
Dr. Michael Mansour
Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University.

2023 1
 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
Question 1: Water flows through a contraction 𝑸𝟏
at a rate of 0.7 m3/s. The head loss due to the 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐦 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦
contraction is 𝒉𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 /(𝟐𝒈). Here 𝑽𝟐 is
the velocity in the 0.2 m pipe. What horizontal
force is required to hold the contraction in 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐
place if 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎 kPa? 𝒖𝟐
𝒖𝟏
Solution:
Applying Momentum Equation in 𝒙-dir
To get 𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐
∑𝑭𝒃𝒙 + ∑𝑭𝒑𝒙 + ∑𝑭𝒔𝒉𝒙 + ∑𝑭𝑹𝒙
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
𝟎 =𝟎 𝑨𝟏 = 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝐦𝟐
𝝏 𝟒 𝟒
= න 𝒖𝝆𝒅𝑽 + න 𝒖𝝆 𝑽 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪.𝑽 𝑪.𝑺 𝑸𝟏 𝟎. 𝟕 𝐦
𝒖𝟏 = 𝑽 𝟏 = = = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟕
=𝟎 (𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚) 𝑨𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝐬
𝑭𝒑𝒙 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 Applying Continuity Equation
𝝏
න 𝝆𝒅𝑽 + න 𝝆𝑽 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎
ሶ
න 𝒖𝝆 𝑽 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝜷𝒎𝒖 𝒐𝒖𝒕 ሶ
− 𝜷𝒎𝒖 𝒊𝒏 𝝏𝒕 𝑪.𝑽 𝑪.𝑺
𝑪.𝑺
=𝟎 (𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚)
𝜷 = 𝟏, 𝒎ሶ = 𝝆𝑨𝑽 = 𝝆𝑸
ሶ = 𝒎𝒊𝒏
න 𝝆𝑽 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 → 𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒕 ሶ
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑭𝑹𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝝆𝑸𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝑪.𝑺
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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
𝒎ሶ 𝟏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 𝑷𝟐
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕. 𝟏
𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝑸 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝟐
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝟐 𝑷𝟐 = −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝐏𝐚
𝟒 𝟒
𝑸𝟐 𝟎. 𝟕 𝑭𝑹𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝝆𝑸𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏
𝒖𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝐦/𝐬
𝑨𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝑭𝑹𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 ) + 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏
To get 𝑷𝟐 𝑭𝑹𝒙
Applying Energy Equation in head form = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟕 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕 − 𝟓. 𝟓𝟕
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 + −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 − 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
+𝜶 ณ +𝒛ด𝟏 + 𝒉
ด𝑷 × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟒
𝜸 =𝟏 𝟐𝒈
=𝒛𝟐 =𝟎
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
= +𝜶
ณ + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉
ด𝑻 + 𝒉𝑳 𝑭𝑹𝒙 = −𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝐍
𝜸 =𝟏 𝟐𝒈
=𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝟐𝒈
𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆 𝑽𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟐
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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
Question 2: The power (𝑷) generated from a wind turbine depends on its diameter
(𝑫), its rotational speed (𝑵), the air density (𝝆), the air viscosity (𝝁), and the wind
flow velocity (𝑽). Find the dimensionless groups.
Solution:
1. List the parameters in the problem and count their total number 𝒏
− Exclude any related parameter − Exclude any dimensionless parameter
Problem variables (𝑷, 𝑫, 𝑵, 𝝆, 𝝁, 𝑽) → 𝒏 = 𝟔
2. Form the primary units and dimensions table of the 𝒏 parameters and count the
number of primary dimensions 𝐌, 𝐋, 𝐓 → 𝒋 = 𝟑

Variable Units Dimensions

1 𝑷 𝐖 = 𝐉/𝐬 = 𝐍𝐦/𝐬 = 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝟐 /(𝐬 𝟑 ) 𝐌𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟑
2 𝑫 𝐦 𝐋
3 𝑵 𝟏/𝐬 𝐓 −𝟏
4 𝝆 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 𝐌𝐋−𝟑
5 𝝁 𝐤𝐠/𝐦 𝐬 𝐌𝐋−𝟏 𝐓 −𝟏
6 𝑽 𝐦/𝐬 𝐋𝐓 −𝟏

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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
3. Calculate the number of groups (𝒌 = 𝒏 – 𝒋) according to 𝚷 theorem
𝒌=𝒏−𝒋=𝟔−𝟑=𝟑
4. Choose 𝒋 repeating parameters that:
– has the simplest dimensions – include together all primary dimensions
The repeating variables are 𝑵, 𝑫, 𝝆
5. Construct 𝒌 groups by grouping the 𝒋 repeating parameters with each one of
the remaining parameters
𝚷𝟏 = 𝑷 𝑵𝒂𝟏 𝑫𝒃𝟏 𝝆𝒄𝟏
𝚷𝟐 = 𝝁 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑫𝒃𝟐 𝝆𝒄𝟐
𝚷𝟑 = 𝑽 𝑵𝒂𝟑 𝑫𝒃𝟑 𝝆𝒄𝟑
To get 𝚷𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 −𝟑 𝒄𝟏
𝐌 𝐋 𝐓 = 𝐌𝐋 𝐓 𝐓 𝐋 𝐌𝐋
For 𝐌: 𝟎 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟏 → 𝒄𝟏 = −𝟏
For 𝐓: 𝟎 = −𝟑 − 𝒂𝟏 → 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟑
For 𝐋: 𝟎 = 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 − 𝟑𝒄𝟏 → 𝒃𝟏 = −𝟓
𝑷
𝚷𝟏 =
𝝆 𝑵𝟑 𝑫𝟓
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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
𝚷𝟐 = 𝝁 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑫𝒃𝟐 𝝆𝒄𝟐
To get 𝚷𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝐌 𝟎 𝐋𝟎 𝐓 𝟎 = 𝐌𝐋−𝟏 𝐓 −𝟏 𝐓 −𝟏 𝐋 𝐌𝐋−𝟑
For 𝐌: 𝟎 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 → 𝒄𝟐 = −𝟏
For 𝐓: 𝟎 = −𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 → 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟏
For 𝐋: 𝟎 = −𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟑𝒄𝟐 → 𝒃𝟐 = −𝟐
𝝁
𝚷𝟐 =
𝝆 𝑵 𝑫𝟐
𝚷𝟑 = 𝑽 𝑵𝒂𝟑 𝑫𝒃𝟑 𝝆𝒄𝟑
To get 𝚷𝟑
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝐌 𝟎 𝐋𝟎 𝐓 𝟎 = 𝐋𝐓 −𝟏 𝐓 −𝟏 𝐋 𝐌𝐋−𝟑

For 𝐌: 𝟎 = 𝒄𝟑 → 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟎
For 𝐓: 𝟎 = −𝟏 − 𝒂𝟑 → 𝒂𝟑 = −𝟏
For 𝐋: 𝟎 = 𝟏 + 𝒃𝟑 − 𝟑𝒄𝟑 → 𝒃𝟑 = −𝟏
𝑽
𝚷𝟐 =
𝑵𝑫
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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
6. Check that all the groups are indeed dimensionless
7. Write the functional relationship of groups: 𝚷𝟏 = 𝒇(𝚷𝟐 , 𝚷𝟑 , … , 𝚷𝒌 )
𝚷𝟏 = 𝒇(𝚷𝟐 , 𝚷𝟑 )
𝑷 𝝁 𝑽
𝟑 𝟓
=𝒇 𝟐
,
𝝆𝑵 𝑫 𝝆 𝑵 𝑫 𝑵𝑫
𝝁 𝑽
𝑷= 𝝆 𝑵𝟑 𝑫 𝟓 𝒇 𝟐
,
𝝆 𝑵 𝑫 𝑵𝑫

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 Solution of Mid-term Exam 2
Question 3: Find the pump head and the corresponding electric power required to pump
3.7 m3/min of grade oil (S=0.8) through the system shown if the pump efficiency 85%
(𝝆𝒎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ). Assume that the total head losses in the system are 5 m.
Solution: 2
Applying Energy Equation in head form
between points 1 and 2
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 1
+𝜶 + 𝒛ณ𝟏 + 𝒉𝑷
𝜸 ถ𝟐𝒈
=𝟏𝟎
=𝟎
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
= +𝜶 + 𝒛ณ𝟐 + 𝒉
ด𝑻 + 𝒉
ด𝑳
𝜸 ถ 𝟐𝒈
=𝟑𝟎 =𝟎 =𝟓
=𝟎 𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 (𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅) 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑾ሶ 𝑷
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝜼𝑷 = =
𝒉𝑷 = + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒉𝑳
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 (𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄) 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑾ሶ 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄
𝜸 𝑾ሶ 𝑷 𝝆𝑸𝒈𝒉𝒑
𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆𝒎 𝒈𝒉𝒎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟒 ሶ
𝑾𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄 = =
𝜼 𝜼
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟒 𝐏𝐚 𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑. 𝟕/𝟔𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟐
𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑾ሶ 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄 =
𝒉𝑷 = + 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑾ሶ 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐖 ≈ 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐖
𝒉𝑷 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟐 𝐦
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